KARBONDİOKSİT EMİSYONUNUN YAKINSAMASI

Tuğba Konuk

EN TR

THE CONVERGENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

Abstract

This study examines the long-term convergence trend of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey, known as the Fragile Five countries. Reducing carbon emissions is of great importance in the fight against global warming and climate change. However, developing countries may have difficulties in controlling their emission levels during economic growth and industrialization processes. In this context, the main objective of the study is to determine whether CO₂ emissions in the Fragile Five countries have converged over time and to analyze whether this trend is compatible with sustainable development goals. In the study, a panel data set is constructed using annual CO₂ emission data of the Fragile Five countries for the period 1970-2023. Traditional panel unit root tests generally ignore structural breaks and cannot fully reflect long-run trends. Therefore, the Panel Fourier Unit Root Test, which takes into account the effect of structural breaks, is applied in this study. Fourier functions provide powerful results as they allow to capture structural changes that are not evident in the data set or that occur over different time periods. The empirical findings show that CO₂ emissions in the Fragile Five countries have converged over time.

Keywords

References

Akıncı, M., & Yıldırım, S. (2020). Türkiye’de karbon emisyonlarının mekânsal yakınsaması: Ampirik bir analiz. Ekonomi ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 45-67.
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Chang, T., & Wu, T. P. (2014). The sustainability hypothesis of current account deficits: The role of structural breaks and nonlinearity. Applied Economics, 46(24), 2924-2934. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.909580
Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251. https://doi.org/10.1086/261816
Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
Chen, X., Zhang, Y., & Liu, W. (2024). Spatial convergence of carbon emissions in Asia-Pacific countries. Journal of Environmental Economics, 29(1), 89-110.
Christopoulos, D. K., & León-Ledesma, M. A. (2010). Smooth transition real exchange rate dynamics in industrial countries. International Review of Economics & Finance, 19(4), 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2010.02.006
Çelik, H., & Ertürkmen, G. (2021). Ekonomik büyüme ve ihracatın CO₂ salınımı üzerindeki etkisi: Seçili MENA ülkeleri örneği (1980-2016). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(3), 1928-1947. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.929324

Erdoğan, M., Çelik, H., & Kaya, A. (2019). Türkiye’de karbon emisyonlarının yakınsama süreci: Bölgesel analiz. Çevresel Ekonomi ve Politikalar Dergisi, 7(3), 112-130.
Erdogan, S., Okumus, I., & Guzel, A. E. (2020). Testing the convergence of carbon emissions in G7 countries: Evidence from a new panel unit root test. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(5), 5648-5660.
Jobert, T., Karanfil, F., & Tykhonenko, A. (2010). Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the EU: Legend or reality? Energy Economics, 32(6), 1364-1373.
Konuk, T., & Engin, C. (2023). Mültecilerin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Seçili Göç Alan Ülkelere Dayalı Panel Veri Analizi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 185-196. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.1209557
Konuk, T. (2025). Turizm gelirlerinin yakınsaması: MINT ülkeleri için panel birim kök testinden kanıtlar. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Bilimleri Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(20), 73-83.
Lee, C. C., & Chang, C. P. (2008). New evidence on the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions from panel seemingly unrelated regressions augmented Dickey-Fuller tests. Energy, 33(9), 1468-1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.05.002
Li, X., Zhao, Y., & Wang, T. (2023). Carbon emissions convergence across the globe: A comprehensive assessment. Global Environmental Change, 78, 102478.
Meng, M., Wei, L., & Zhang, H. (2018). Carbon emissions convergence and its influencing factors: Evidence from 59 countries. Applied Energy, 226, 858-871.
Miketa, A., & Mulder, P. (2005). Energy productivity across developed and developing countries in 10 manufacturing sectors: Patterns of growth and convergence. Energy Economics, 27(3), 429-453.
Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Cross-section dependency in panel unit root tests: Evidence from macroeconomic indicators. Journal of Economic Studies, 37(2), 140-152.
Nazlıoğlu, Ş., & Karul, C. (2017). Second-generation panel Fourier LM unit root tests and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 64, 112-125.
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229.
Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
Romero-Avila, D. (2008). Convergence in carbon dioxide emissions among industrialized countries revisited. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2265-2282.
Solar-Pelletier, L., Da Silva, I., & Martin, J. (2022). Carbon emissions convergence in the European Union: An empirical analysis. Ecological Economics, 191, 107248.
Strazicich, M. C., & List, J. A. (2003). Are CO₂ emission levels converging among industrial countries? Environmental and Resource Economics, 24(3), 263-271.
Wang, Z., Yang, L., & Wang, B. (2013). Carbon emissions convergence in the European Union: Sigma and beta convergence analyses. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 151-157.
Westerlund, J., & Basher, S. A. (2008). Testing for convergence in carbon dioxide emissions using a century of panel data. Environmental and Resource Economics, 40(1), 109-120.
Zhu, H., & Tan, W. (2021). Regional convergence of carbon emissions in BRICS countries: New evidence from panel quantile regression. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, 126468.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Panel Data Analysis , Ecological Economics

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Tuğba Konuk ^*
0000-0002-7381-4131
Türkiye

Publication Date

April 18, 2025

Submission Date

March 5, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 10, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 1970 Volume: 10 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA27NY22FL

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Konuk, T. (2025). KARBONDİOKSİT EMİSYONUNUN YAKINSAMASI. Türk Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 69-77. https://izlik.org/JA27NY22FL

THE CONVERGENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

THE CONVERGENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

Abstract

Keywords