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AFRİKA’DA RUS ETKİSİNİN ARTMASINDA SOSYAL MEDYA

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 47 - 57, 21.04.2023

Göktuğ Çalışkan

Abstract

Putin döneminde Rusya’nın Afrika’ya olan ilgisi ve Afrika’daki varlığı yeniden artmıştır. Askeri ve ekonomik olduğu gibi Rusya’nın Afrika’da medya yoluyla da etki oluşturma çabası artık bilinen bir gerçektir. Ancak son yıllarda Rusya’nın daha geniş çaplı etki kampanyaları için medyayı kullanması hem ülke içinde hem de uluslararası alanda ün kazanmaya başlamıştır. Rusya’nın devlete ait medya kuruluşları Kremlin’in stratejisinin merkezinde yer almaktadır. Ayrıca söz konusu medya kuruluşları Rusya’nın Afrika’daki yumuşak gücünün merkezinde konumlandırılabilir. Sputnik ve Russia Today (RT) gibi servisler Afrikalı editörler arasında büyük yankı bulmaktadır. Son olarak medya ağının en önemli unsurlarından biri de sosyal medyadır. Rusya; Facebook ve benzeri sosyal medya ağlarıyla da Afrika’da etkinliğini artırma arzusundadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da Rusya’nın Afrika’da artan etkisinde medya ve sosyal ağların rolünün incelenmesidir.

Keywords

rusya afrika medya sosyal medya

References

  • Exploiting Chaos: Russia in Libya. (2020). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 23 Eylül 2020. https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/exploiting-chaos-russia-libya (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2023).
  • Mali: Protesters call for French troops to leave, some call for greater Russia cooperation, Africa News, 26 Haziran 2021, https://www.africanews.com/2021/06/26/mali-protesters-call-for-french-troops-to-leave-some-callfor-greater-russia-cooperation (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2023).
  • Malian police disperse protest against French military presence, Reuters, 21 Ocak 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/ukmali-security-france-idUSKBN29Q0SG (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2023).
  • Russian Federation, Government of 2020, Financial Tracking Services, https://fts.unocha.org/donors/3006/summary/2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • Arbuniés, P. (2020). Russia’s sharp power in Africa: The case of madagascar, Central Africa Republic, Sudan and South Africa, Global Affairs and Strategic Studies, https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/russia-s-sharp-power-in- africa-the-case-ofmadagascar-central-africa-republic-sudan-and-south-africa.- (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2023).
  • Bondarenko, D. (2010). In the Red Banner’s shade: The image of Post-Soviet Russia in Africa, Africa Review 2, Sayı 1, s. 1-14.
  • Coakley A., Vetch, F. (16 Aralık 2022). Russia is using African influencers to spread its lies on Twitter, Coda Story, https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/wagner-africa-disinformation-ukraine/
  • Dhukan, N. (2021). Central African Republic: Ground zero for Russian influence in Central Africa, AtlanticCouncil, https://issuu.com/atlanticcouncil/docs/central_african_republic- ground_zero_for_russian_i (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2023).
  • Disalvatore, J. (2020). Central African Republic media platforms push Prigozhin’s Pro-Putin Agenda, Kharon, 6 Ekim 2020, https://brief.kharon.com/updates/central-african- republic-media-platforms-push-prigozhin-s-pro-putin-agenda (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2023).
  • Dougherty, J. (2014). Everyone lies: The Ukraine conflict and Russia’s media transformation, Shorenstein Center on Media, Cambridge, s. 4, https://shorensteincenter.org/wp content/uploads/2014/07/d88- dougherty.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2023).
  • Dougherty, J. (2015). How the media became one of Putin’s most powerful weapons, The Atlantic, 21 Nisan 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/04/how-the-media-became- putins-most-powerful-weapon/391062/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2023).
  • Gershkovich, E. (2019). At Russia’s inaugural Africa Summit, Moscow sells sovereignty, Coda, 25 Ekim 2019, https://www.codastory. com/disinformation/russia-africa- summit-sochi/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • Grossman, S., Bush, D., ve Di Resta, R. (2019). Evidence of Russia-linked influence operations in Africa, Stanford Internet Observatory, s.5, https://fsi-live.s3.us-west 1.amazonaws.com/s3fspublic/29oct2019_sio_russia_linked_influence_operations_in_africa.final_.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2023).
  • Huon P., ve Ostrovsky, S. Russia, the New Power in Central Africa, Coda, 19 Aralık 2018.
  • Lehtisaari, K. (2015). Market and political factors and the Russian media, Working Paper, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Oxford, s.2, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/market-and-political-factors-and-russian-media (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2023).
  • Limonieri K., Laruelle, M. (2021). Russia’s African toolkit: Digital influence and entrepreneurs of influence, Orbis 65, Sayı 3, s. 403-419.
  • Meyer H., Reznik, I. (2020). Putin foe navalny urges Europe to target billionaires Abramovich, Usmanov, Bloomberg, 27 Kasım 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-27/navalny-urges-europe-to- target-billionaires-abramovich-usmanov (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2023).
  • Morales, D. M. et al. (2021). How China, Turkey and Russia influence the media in Africa, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Johannesburg, s.115,https://www.kas.de/documents/285576/0/How+China%2C+Turkey+and+Russia+influence+media+in+Africa.pdf/6594fc3ef240-6aea342d92c8f90dbf43?version=1.2&t=1611811364948 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • Roger, B. ve Dougeli, G. (29 Temmuz 2021). Russia – Africa: Behind the scenes of Moscow’s soft power, The Africa Report, https://www.theafricareport.com/112950/russia-africa-behind-the-scenes-of-moscows- soft-power (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2023).
  • Siegle, J. (2021). Russia’s strategic goals in Africa, African Center for Strategic Studies, 6 Mayıs 2021, https://africacenter.org/experts/joseph-siegle/russia-strategic-goals- africa (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2023).
  • Silverman, J. (2020). France is flooding Africa with fake news, The New Republic, 28 Aralık 2020, https://newrepublic.com/article/160756/france-operation-barkhane-mali- africa-fake-news-propaganda (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2023).
  • Smith, N. R., (2020). A New cold war?: Assessing the current US-Russia relationship, Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Stronski, P. (2019). Late to the party: Russia’s return to Africa, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 Ekim 2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/10/16/late- to-party-russia-s-return-to-africa-pub-80056 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2023).
  • Svoboda, Matlach, PC., Baddorf, Z. (2021). Russia’s activities in Africa’s information environment: Case Studies: Mali and Central African Republic, NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, Riga, https://stratcomcoe.org/ cuploads/pfiles/russias_activities_in_africa_nato_stratcom_coe_05-03-2021-1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • The State Duma, (20 Mart 2023). The plenary session Russia-Africa in a multipolar world was held in Moscow, www.duma.gov.ru/en/news/56646/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2023).
  • Troianovski, A. (29 Ekim 2019). A New Message’: Russia trains its propaganda machine on Africa, The New York Times.
  • Ward, C. et al. (11 Nisan 2020). Russian election meddling is back – via Ghana and Nigeria –and in your feeds, CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/12/world/russia-ghana- troll-farms-2020-ward/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2023).
  • Woodman, S. (2018). Senators urge adding Usmanov to official oligarch list, Citing paradise papers revelations, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 19 Ocak 2018, https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/senators-urge-adding usmanovofficial-oligarch-list-citing-paradise-papers-revelations (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2023).
  • Zakem, V. et al. (2018). Mapping Russian media network: Media’s role in Russian foreign policy and decision-making, CNA Analysis and Solutions, https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/DRM-2017-U-015367-3Rev.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2023).

SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE RISE OF RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN AFRICA

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 47 - 57, 21.04.2023

Göktuğ Çalışkan

Abstract

During the Putin era, Russia’s interest in Africa and its presence in Africa has increased again. It is a well-known fact that Russia has endeavoured to exert influence in Africa through the media as well as military and economic means. However, in recent years, Russia’s use of the media for broader influence campaigns has gained notoriety both domestically and internationally. Russia’s state-owned media outlets are at the centre of the Kremlin’s strategy. They can also be positioned at the centre of Russia’s soft power in Africa. Services such as Sputnik and Russia Today (RT) resonate with African editors. Finally, one of the most important elements of the media network is social media. Russia also wants to increase its influence in Africa through Facebook and similar social media networks. The aim of this study is to analyse the role of media and social networks in Russia’s growing influence in Africa.

Keywords

russia africa media social media

References

  • Exploiting Chaos: Russia in Libya. (2020). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 23 Eylül 2020. https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/exploiting-chaos-russia-libya (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2023).
  • Mali: Protesters call for French troops to leave, some call for greater Russia cooperation, Africa News, 26 Haziran 2021, https://www.africanews.com/2021/06/26/mali-protesters-call-for-french-troops-to-leave-some-callfor-greater-russia-cooperation (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2023).
  • Malian police disperse protest against French military presence, Reuters, 21 Ocak 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/ukmali-security-france-idUSKBN29Q0SG (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2023).
  • Russian Federation, Government of 2020, Financial Tracking Services, https://fts.unocha.org/donors/3006/summary/2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • Arbuniés, P. (2020). Russia’s sharp power in Africa: The case of madagascar, Central Africa Republic, Sudan and South Africa, Global Affairs and Strategic Studies, https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/russia-s-sharp-power-in- africa-the-case-ofmadagascar-central-africa-republic-sudan-and-south-africa.- (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2023).
  • Bondarenko, D. (2010). In the Red Banner’s shade: The image of Post-Soviet Russia in Africa, Africa Review 2, Sayı 1, s. 1-14.
  • Coakley A., Vetch, F. (16 Aralık 2022). Russia is using African influencers to spread its lies on Twitter, Coda Story, https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/wagner-africa-disinformation-ukraine/
  • Dhukan, N. (2021). Central African Republic: Ground zero for Russian influence in Central Africa, AtlanticCouncil, https://issuu.com/atlanticcouncil/docs/central_african_republic- ground_zero_for_russian_i (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2023).
  • Disalvatore, J. (2020). Central African Republic media platforms push Prigozhin’s Pro-Putin Agenda, Kharon, 6 Ekim 2020, https://brief.kharon.com/updates/central-african- republic-media-platforms-push-prigozhin-s-pro-putin-agenda (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2023).
  • Dougherty, J. (2014). Everyone lies: The Ukraine conflict and Russia’s media transformation, Shorenstein Center on Media, Cambridge, s. 4, https://shorensteincenter.org/wp content/uploads/2014/07/d88- dougherty.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2023).
  • Dougherty, J. (2015). How the media became one of Putin’s most powerful weapons, The Atlantic, 21 Nisan 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/04/how-the-media-became- putins-most-powerful-weapon/391062/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2023).
  • Gershkovich, E. (2019). At Russia’s inaugural Africa Summit, Moscow sells sovereignty, Coda, 25 Ekim 2019, https://www.codastory. com/disinformation/russia-africa- summit-sochi/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • Grossman, S., Bush, D., ve Di Resta, R. (2019). Evidence of Russia-linked influence operations in Africa, Stanford Internet Observatory, s.5, https://fsi-live.s3.us-west 1.amazonaws.com/s3fspublic/29oct2019_sio_russia_linked_influence_operations_in_africa.final_.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2023).
  • Huon P., ve Ostrovsky, S. Russia, the New Power in Central Africa, Coda, 19 Aralık 2018.
  • Lehtisaari, K. (2015). Market and political factors and the Russian media, Working Paper, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Oxford, s.2, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/market-and-political-factors-and-russian-media (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2023).
  • Limonieri K., Laruelle, M. (2021). Russia’s African toolkit: Digital influence and entrepreneurs of influence, Orbis 65, Sayı 3, s. 403-419.
  • Meyer H., Reznik, I. (2020). Putin foe navalny urges Europe to target billionaires Abramovich, Usmanov, Bloomberg, 27 Kasım 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-27/navalny-urges-europe-to- target-billionaires-abramovich-usmanov (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2023).
  • Morales, D. M. et al. (2021). How China, Turkey and Russia influence the media in Africa, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Johannesburg, s.115,https://www.kas.de/documents/285576/0/How+China%2C+Turkey+and+Russia+influence+media+in+Africa.pdf/6594fc3ef240-6aea342d92c8f90dbf43?version=1.2&t=1611811364948 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • Roger, B. ve Dougeli, G. (29 Temmuz 2021). Russia – Africa: Behind the scenes of Moscow’s soft power, The Africa Report, https://www.theafricareport.com/112950/russia-africa-behind-the-scenes-of-moscows- soft-power (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2023).
  • Siegle, J. (2021). Russia’s strategic goals in Africa, African Center for Strategic Studies, 6 Mayıs 2021, https://africacenter.org/experts/joseph-siegle/russia-strategic-goals- africa (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2023).
  • Silverman, J. (2020). France is flooding Africa with fake news, The New Republic, 28 Aralık 2020, https://newrepublic.com/article/160756/france-operation-barkhane-mali- africa-fake-news-propaganda (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2023).
  • Smith, N. R., (2020). A New cold war?: Assessing the current US-Russia relationship, Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Stronski, P. (2019). Late to the party: Russia’s return to Africa, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 Ekim 2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/10/16/late- to-party-russia-s-return-to-africa-pub-80056 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2023).
  • Svoboda, Matlach, PC., Baddorf, Z. (2021). Russia’s activities in Africa’s information environment: Case Studies: Mali and Central African Republic, NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, Riga, https://stratcomcoe.org/ cuploads/pfiles/russias_activities_in_africa_nato_stratcom_coe_05-03-2021-1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2023).
  • The State Duma, (20 Mart 2023). The plenary session Russia-Africa in a multipolar world was held in Moscow, www.duma.gov.ru/en/news/56646/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2023).
  • Troianovski, A. (29 Ekim 2019). A New Message’: Russia trains its propaganda machine on Africa, The New York Times.
  • Ward, C. et al. (11 Nisan 2020). Russian election meddling is back – via Ghana and Nigeria –and in your feeds, CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/12/world/russia-ghana- troll-farms-2020-ward/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2023).
  • Woodman, S. (2018). Senators urge adding Usmanov to official oligarch list, Citing paradise papers revelations, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 19 Ocak 2018, https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/senators-urge-adding usmanovofficial-oligarch-list-citing-paradise-papers-revelations (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2023).
  • Zakem, V. et al. (2018). Mapping Russian media network: Media’s role in Russian foreign policy and decision-making, CNA Analysis and Solutions, https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/DRM-2017-U-015367-3Rev.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2023).
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Göktuğ Çalışkan 0000-0003-2189-7550

Publication Date April 21, 2023
Submission Date March 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çalışkan, G. (2023). AFRİKA’DA RUS ETKİSİNİN ARTMASINDA SOSYAL MEDYA. Türk Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 47-57.