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FINANCING OF TERRORISM AND CRYPTOCURRENCY

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 32 - 46, 21.04.2023

Taner Akçacı , Ali Gök

Abstract

With the advancement of technology, cryptocurrencies, which provide easier, faster and cheaper global transfers over the internet, have become widespread in use and because of that it is likely to be one of the new digital developments that support the actions of terrorist organizations. The study claims that cryptocurrencies have the advantage of creating financing and transferring value for terrorist organizations over the internet, where tracking and control are difficult and study going to aim to examine the underlying reasons why terrorist organizations seek to use cryptocurrencies. In this study, it was revealed the reason of terrorist organizations need financing and which financing sources they use to meet these needs, subsequently, it was discussed what advantages the internet provides to terrorist organizations in terms of creating and managing sources of financing. Finally, the general characteristics of cryptocurrencies and the examples of why terrorist organizations are trying to take advantage of these characteristics have been discussed.

Keywords

Terrorism Financing of Terrorism Cryptocurrency Dark Web Deep Web

References

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  • Arianti, V., ve Yaoren, K. Y. (2020). How terrorists use cryptocurrency in Southeast Asia, The Diplomat, 10 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/how-terrorists-use-cryptocurrency-in-southeast-asia/ adresinden alındı.
  • Başaranel, B. U. (2021). Derin ağ. İçinde N. Akdemir ve C. O. Tuncer (Ed.), Siber ansiklopedi: Siber ortama çok disiplinli bir yaklaşım. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
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  • Carroll, P., ve Windle, J. (2018). Cyber as an enabler of terrorism financing, now and in the future, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 13 (3), 285-300.
  • Charles, B. S. (2014). ISIS. Are they using bitcoins to fund criminal activities?, Security Intelligence, 12 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://securityintelligence.com/isis-are-they-using-bitcoins-to-fund-criminal-activities/ adresinden alındı.
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  • Gediz Oral, B., ve Yeşilkaya, Y. (2021). Kripto para ikilemi: Karapara aklama ve bitcoin. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 39, 209-239.
  • Goldman, Z. K., Maruyama, E., Rosenberg, E., Saravalle, E. ve Strauss, J. S. (2017). Terrorist use of virtual currencies, Center for a New American Security, 11 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/terrorist-use-of-virtual-currencies adresinden alındı.
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  • INTERPOL (2022). Tracing terrorist finances, 21 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Terrorism/Tracing-terrorist-finances adresinden alındı.
  • Irwin, A. S. M. ve Milad, G. (2016). The use of crypto-currencies in funding violent jihad. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 19(4), 407-425.
  • İşler, B., Takaoğlu, M. ve Küçükali, U. F. (2019). Blokzinciri ve kripto paraların insanlığa etkileri, Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 3 (2), 71-83.
  • Jacobson, M. (2010). Terrorist financing and the internet, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33 (4), 353-363. Jost, P. M. ve Sandhu, H. S. (2013). The hawala alternative remittance system and its role in money laundering, INTERPOL/FOPAC, 25 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.assetsearchblog.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/197/2013/06/FinCEN-Hawala.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Karaman, A. (2021). Bitcoin mixer nedir? Karıştırıcılar neden yasak?, 25 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://tr.cointelegraph.com/news/what-are-bitcoin-mixers-why-are-they-banned adresinden alındı.
  • Keatinge, T., Carlisle, D. ve Keen, F. (2018). Virtual currencies and terrorist financing: assessing the risks and evaluating responses, Directorate General for Internal Policies Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs.
  • Kfir, I. (2020). Cryptocurrencies, national security, crime and terrorism, Comparative Strategy, 39(2), 113-127. Milliyet Gazetesi. (2022 Nisan 08). FETÖ’nün para trafiği deşifre oldu, Milliyet, 27 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/fetonun-para-trafigi-desifre-oldu-6733791 adresinden alındı.
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  • Normark, M. ve Ranstorp, M. (2015). Understanding Terrorist Finance Modus Operandi and National CTF-Regimes, SEDU Designation 22 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.fi.se/contentassets/1944bde9037c4fba89d1f48f9bba6dd7/understanding_terrorist_finance_160315.pdf adresinden alındı.
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  • Patel, P. C., ve Pereira, I. (2021). The relationship between terrorist attacks and cryptocurrency returns, Applied Economics, 53(8), 940-961.
  • Raphaeli, N. (2003). Financing of Terrorism: Sources, methods, and channels, Terrorism and Political Violence, 15 (4), 59-82.
  • Schott, P. A. (2006). Reference guide to anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism, The World Bank, 21 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/558401468134391014/pdf/350520Referenc1Money01OFFICIAL0USE1.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Schwarz, C. D., Manheim, D. ve Johnston, P. B. (2019). Terrorist use of cryptocurrencies: Technical and organizational barriers and future threats, Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • Schwarz, N., Chen, K., Poh, K., Jackson, G. vd. (2021). Virtual assets and anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism, International Monetary Fund, 25 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fintech-notes/Issues/2021/10/14/Virtual-Assets-and-Anti-Money-Laundering-and-Combating-the-Financing-of-Terrorism-1-463654 adresinden alındı.
  • Sönmez, G., ve Çelik, E. (2020). Anonimlik ile illegalite arasında: Deep web, dark web ve devlet dışı silahlı aktörlerin uluslararası siber faaliyetleri. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 22 (1), 66-88.
  • Sputniknews. (2021 Ekim 27). Rusya’da IŞİD için kripto para toplayan bir kişi yakalandı, Sputnik Türkiye, 21 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://sputniknews.com.tr/20211027/rusyada-isid-icin-kripto-para-toplayan-bir-kisi-yakalandi-1050226562.html adresinden alındı.
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TERÖRİZMİN FİNANSMANI VE KRİPTO PARALAR

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 32 - 46, 21.04.2023

Taner Akçacı , Ali Gök

Abstract

Teknolojinin ilerlemesiyle birlikte internet üzerinden daha kolay, hızlı ve ucuz küresel transferler sağlayan kripto paralar, kullanımlarının yaygınlaşması ile birlikte aynı zamanda terör örgütlerinin eylemlerini destekleyen yeni dijital gelişmelerden biri olma olasılığı taşımaktadır. Çalışma, kripto paraların, takibin ve kontrolün zor olduğu internet üzerinden terör örgütleri açısından finansman yaratma ve değer aktarma avantajına sahip olduğunu iddia etmekle birlikte, terör örgütlerinin kripto paraları kullanma arayışında olmalarının altında yatan nedenleri incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle terör örgütlerinin neden finansmana ihtiyaç duydukları ve bu ihtiyaçları karşılamak adına hangi finansman kaynaklarını kullandıkları ortaya konulmuş, akabinde internetin terör örgütlerine finansman kaynakları yaratmak ve bu kaynakları yönetmek açısından ne gibi avantajlar sağladığı ele alınmıştır. Son olarak ise kripto paraların genel özellikleri ve terör örgütlerinin söz konusu özelliklerden neden yararlanmaya çalıştıkları örnekler üzerinden tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Terörizm Terörizmin Finansmanı Kripto Paralar Dark Web Deep Web

References

  • Aly, A., Macdonald, S., Jarvis, L. ve Chen, T. M. (2017). Introduction to the special issue: Terrorist online propaganda and radicalization, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40 (1), 1-9.
  • Arianti, V., ve Yaoren, K. Y. (2020). How terrorists use cryptocurrency in Southeast Asia, The Diplomat, 10 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/how-terrorists-use-cryptocurrency-in-southeast-asia/ adresinden alındı.
  • Başaranel, B. U. (2021). Derin ağ. İçinde N. Akdemir ve C. O. Tuncer (Ed.), Siber ansiklopedi: Siber ortama çok disiplinli bir yaklaşım. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Biersteker, T. J., ve Eckert, S. E. (2008). Introduction: the challenge of terrorist financing, İçinde Thomas J. Biersteker ve Sue E. Eckert (Ed.), Countering the Financing of Terrorism, New York: Routledge.
  • Biswas, B., ve Sana, A. K. (2019), Issues in terrorism financing: An analysis, İçinde Ramesh Chandra Das (Ed.) The Impact of Global Terrorism on Economic and Political Development: Afro-Asian Perspectives, Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Carroll, P., ve Windle, J. (2018). Cyber as an enabler of terrorism financing, now and in the future, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 13 (3), 285-300.
  • Charles, B. S. (2014). ISIS. Are they using bitcoins to fund criminal activities?, Security Intelligence, 12 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://securityintelligence.com/isis-are-they-using-bitcoins-to-fund-criminal-activities/ adresinden alındı.
  • Chêne, M. (2008). Hawala remittance system and Money laundering, 15 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://www.u4.no/publications/hawala-remittance-system-and-money-laundering.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Clarke, C. P., ve Williams, P. (2018). Da’esh in Iraq and Syria: Terrorist criminal enterprise. İçinde Kimberley L. Thachuk ve Rollie Lal (Ed.), Terrorist Criminal Enterprises: Financing Terrorism through Organized Crime. Praeger Security International.
  • Conway, M. (2006). Terrorist use of the internet and fighting back, Information & Security: An International Journal, 19, 9-30.
  • Copestake, J. (2014). Hiding currency in the dark wallet, BBC, 20 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29283124 adresinden alındı.
  • Çarkacıoğlu, A. (2016). Kripto-para bitcoin, Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu Araştırma Dairesi, Araştırma Raporu.
  • Dearden, L. (2020). Isis member used Bitcoin to transfer money from UK for release of jihadists in Syrian prisons court hears, Independent, 01 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/isis-uk-prison-syria-bitcoin-hashim-chaudhary-b1639224.html adresinden alındı.
  • Department of Justice. (2018). New York Woman Pleads Guilty to Providing Material Support to ISIS, 11 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/new-york-woman-pleads-guilty-providing-material-support-isis adresinden alındı.
  • Department of Justice. (2015). Virginia Teen Pleads Guilty to Providing Material Support to ISIL, 12 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/virginia-teen-pleads-guilty-providing-material-support-isil adresinden alındı.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2017). Kripto Paralar, Bitcoin ve Blockchain, Kendime Yazılar, 09 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2017/11/kripto-paralar-bitcoin-ve-blockchain.html adresinden alındı.
  • Emir, A. E. (2022). Hamas plans to continue using cryptocurrencies for operations, Al-monitor, 11 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/01/hamas-plans-continue-using-cryptocurrencies-operations#ixzz7m7pYvfXC adresinden alındı.
  • Eryılmaz, F. (2022). İstihbarat ve terör örgütlerinde kripto para dönemi, Kriter, 6 (64), 13 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://kriterdergi.com/dosya-turkiyede-ve-dunyada-istihbarat/istihbarat-ve-teror-orgutlerinde-kripto-para-donemi adresinden alındı.
  • Financial Action Task Force (2008). Terrorist financing, FATF/OECD, 12 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/FATF%20Terrorist%20Financing%20Typologies%20Report.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Freeman, M. (2011). The sources of terrorist financing: theory and typology, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34, 461-475.
  • Freeman, M., ve Ruehsen, M. (2013). Terrorism financing methods: An overview, Perspectives on Terrorism, 7(4), 5-26.
  • Gediz Oral, B., ve Yeşilkaya, Y. (2021). Kripto para ikilemi: Karapara aklama ve bitcoin. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 39, 209-239.
  • Goldman, Z. K., Maruyama, E., Rosenberg, E., Saravalle, E. ve Strauss, J. S. (2017). Terrorist use of virtual currencies, Center for a New American Security, 11 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/terrorist-use-of-virtual-currencies adresinden alındı.
  • Greenberg, A. (2017). How an anarchist bitcoin coder found himself fighting ISIS in Syria, Wired, 12 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.wired.com/2017/03/anarchist-bitcoin-coder-found-fighting-isis-syria/ adresinden alındı.
  • Hinnen, T. (2004). The cyber-front in the war on terrorism: Curbing terrorist use of the internet. Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, 5, 1-42.
  • IMF. (2022). Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism-Topics, 20 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/external/np/leg/amlcft/eng/aml1.htm#financingterrorism adresinden alındı.
  • INTERPOL (2022). Tracing terrorist finances, 21 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Terrorism/Tracing-terrorist-finances adresinden alındı.
  • Irwin, A. S. M. ve Milad, G. (2016). The use of crypto-currencies in funding violent jihad. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 19(4), 407-425.
  • İşler, B., Takaoğlu, M. ve Küçükali, U. F. (2019). Blokzinciri ve kripto paraların insanlığa etkileri, Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 3 (2), 71-83.
  • Jacobson, M. (2010). Terrorist financing and the internet, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33 (4), 353-363. Jost, P. M. ve Sandhu, H. S. (2013). The hawala alternative remittance system and its role in money laundering, INTERPOL/FOPAC, 25 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.assetsearchblog.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/197/2013/06/FinCEN-Hawala.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Karaman, A. (2021). Bitcoin mixer nedir? Karıştırıcılar neden yasak?, 25 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://tr.cointelegraph.com/news/what-are-bitcoin-mixers-why-are-they-banned adresinden alındı.
  • Keatinge, T., Carlisle, D. ve Keen, F. (2018). Virtual currencies and terrorist financing: assessing the risks and evaluating responses, Directorate General for Internal Policies Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs.
  • Kfir, I. (2020). Cryptocurrencies, national security, crime and terrorism, Comparative Strategy, 39(2), 113-127. Milliyet Gazetesi. (2022 Nisan 08). FETÖ’nün para trafiği deşifre oldu, Milliyet, 27 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/fetonun-para-trafigi-desifre-oldu-6733791 adresinden alındı.
  • Nakamoto, S. (2018). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, 20 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/training/annual-national-training-seminar/2018/Emerging_Tech_Bitcoin_Crypto.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Nian, L. P. ve Chuen, D. L. K. (2015). Introduction to Bitcoin, İçinde David Lee Kuo Chuen (Ed.), Handbook of Digital Currency, New York: Elsevier.
  • Normark, M. ve Ranstorp, M. (2015). Understanding Terrorist Finance Modus Operandi and National CTF-Regimes, SEDU Designation 22 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.fi.se/contentassets/1944bde9037c4fba89d1f48f9bba6dd7/understanding_terrorist_finance_160315.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Paoli, G. P., Aldridge, J., Ryan, N. ve Warnes, R. (2017). Behind the curtain: The illicit trade of firearms, explosives and ammunition on the dark web, RAND Corporation, 21 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2000/RR2091/RAND_RR2091.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Patel, P. C., ve Pereira, I. (2021). The relationship between terrorist attacks and cryptocurrency returns, Applied Economics, 53(8), 940-961.
  • Raphaeli, N. (2003). Financing of Terrorism: Sources, methods, and channels, Terrorism and Political Violence, 15 (4), 59-82.
  • Schott, P. A. (2006). Reference guide to anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism, The World Bank, 21 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/558401468134391014/pdf/350520Referenc1Money01OFFICIAL0USE1.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Schwarz, C. D., Manheim, D. ve Johnston, P. B. (2019). Terrorist use of cryptocurrencies: Technical and organizational barriers and future threats, Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • Schwarz, N., Chen, K., Poh, K., Jackson, G. vd. (2021). Virtual assets and anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism, International Monetary Fund, 25 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fintech-notes/Issues/2021/10/14/Virtual-Assets-and-Anti-Money-Laundering-and-Combating-the-Financing-of-Terrorism-1-463654 adresinden alındı.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Taner Akçacı 0000-0002-5343-0894

Ali Gök 0000-0002-0734-459X

Publication Date April 21, 2023
Submission Date December 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akçacı, T., & Gök, A. (2023). TERÖRİZMİN FİNANSMANI VE KRİPTO PARALAR. Türk Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 32-46.