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THE ROLE AND EFFECT OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND R&D ON THE SALES OF NEW PRODUCT: A STUDY ON THE INNOVATION PERFORMANCE OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF KEIHANSHIN REGION IN JAPAN

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 11, 1 - 18, 25.08.2021

Bekir Sami Oguzturk Ferhat Özbay Mustafa Arıcan Fethi Kaleli

https://doi.org/10.51947/yonbil.939220

Öz

In this study, the updated version of the survey designed to examine the Finnish national innovation system has been applied to analyze the manufacturing industry in Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe and Sakai in the Keihanshin region. The innovation performance of Japan in 2018 has been evaluated by using the data obtained from the survey. The study has examined the influence of innovation factors on company performance and searched the amount allocated to R&D expenditures and the effects of university graduates on the new product through modeling technique and directly referring to innovation (the percentage of the new product in sales). The data obtained as a result of the survey in the study; the factors affecting innovation performance were tabulated and interpreted on behalf of the region. The findings have indicated that big companies are more innovation-oriented. It has also been concluded that the most significant factors ensuring innovation within the companies are R&D and the experience of the companies. Moreover, it has been noticed that companies view know-how as a key in gaining an advantage in competition. After examining the innovation performance, Least Squares (Least Squares) regression analysis was used under the assumption of normality since the share of the new product in sales, which is used as an innovation production function output, is a continuous variable for the model established. Econometric findings show that human capital and R&D expenditures positively affect the share of new products in sales. The results of the econometric analysis show that the findings of the model are reliable.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Innovation New Product Development Manufacturing Industry Regional Development R&D Human Capital.

Kaynakça

  • Acs, J., & Audretsch, D. (1987). Innovation, market structure, and firm size. JSTOR, 69(4), 567–574. https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/1935950
  • Acs, J. ., & Audretsch, D. . (1988). Innovation in large and small firms: an empirical analysis. JSTOR, 78(4), 678–690.
  • Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., & And, M. F.-. (1994). R & D spillovers and recipient firm size. JSTOR, 76(2), 336–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109888
  • Akın, Ö., & Reyhanoğlu, M. (2014). İşletme Büyüklükleri Bağlamında Türkiye’nin İnovasyon Portresi (2002-2008 Dönemi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.62064
  • Almeida, F., Kennedy, A. J., Lin, B., & Nowak, I. V. (2019). Measuring innovation through a crowd source initiative. International Journal of Innovation Science, 11(3), 471–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-04-2019-0046
  • Audretsch, D. B., & Acs, Z. J. (1991). Innovation and Size at the Firm Level. Southern Economic Journal, 57(3), 739–744.
  • Avermaete, T., Viaene, J., Morgan, E. J., & Crawford, N. (2003). Determinants of innovation in small food firms. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060310459163
  • Batmaz, N., & Özcan, A. (2008). Yeniliği Etkileyen Unsurlar Ve Toplumsal Refah İlişkisi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 1(1), 233–246. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/202045
  • Bhattacharya, M., & Bloch, H. (2004). Determinants of Innovation. Small Business Economics, 22(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:sbej.0000014453.94445.de
  • Bouncken, R. B., Fredrich, V., Ritala, P., & Kraus, S. (2018). Coopetition in New Product Development Alliances: Advantages and Tensions for Incremental and Radical Innovation. British Journal of Management, 29(3), 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12213
  • Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard business school press. Chesbrough, H. W. (2007). Why companies should have open business models. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(2), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.3139/9783446467620.035
  • Cooper, R. G. (2017). We’ve Come a Long Way Baby. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 34(3), 387–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12372
  • Cooper, R. G. (2019). The drivers of success in new-product development. Industrial Marketing Management, 76(January), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.07.005
  • Doloreux, D. (2002). What we should know about regional systems of innovation. Technology in Society, 24(3), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(02)00007-6
  • Feldman, M. P. (1994). Knowledge complementarity and innovation. Small Business Economics, 6(5), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065139
  • Greenhalg, C., & Rogers, M. (2010). Innovation, Intellectual Property, and Economic Growth. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1zgwjjb
  • Güler Ö.E., & Kanber S. (2011). İnovasyon Aktivitelerinin İnovasyon Performansı Üzerine Etkileri: İmalat Sanayii Uygulaması. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(1), 61–76.
  • Harbison, F. (1956). Entrepreneurial organization as a factor in economic development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(3), 364–379. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884230
  • Jaffe, A. (1989). American Economic Association Real Effects of Academic Research American Economic Association, The American Economic Review, 79(5), 957–970. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1831431
  • Jaffe, A. B. (1986). American Economic Association Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R & D : Evidence from Firms ’ Patents , Profits , and Market Value. American Economic Association, 76(5), 984–1001. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816464
  • Kachra, A., & White, R. E. (2008). Know-How Transfer: The Role of Socıal, Economıc/Competıtıve, and Fırm Boundary Factors. Strategic Management Journal, 29(4), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.668
  • Kamien, M. I., & Schwartz, N. L. (1975). Market Structure and Innovation: A Survey. American Economic Association, 13(1), 1–37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2722211
  • Kennedy, C., & Thirlwall, A. P. (1972). Surveys in applied economics: technical progress. Oxford University Press on Behalf of the Royal Economic Society, 82(325), 11–72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2230206
  • Kim, M., Kim, J., Sawng, Y., & Lim, K. (2018). Impacts of innovation type SME’s R&D capability on patent and new product development. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-04-2018-043
  • Kleinknecht, A. (1989). Firm size and innovation - Observations in dutch manufacturing industries. Small Business Economics, 1(3), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00401858
  • Leiponen, A. (2005). Skills and innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 23(5–6), 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.03.005
  • Leıponen, A., & Helfat, C. E. (2010). Research Notes And Commentarıes Innovatıon Objectıves, Knowledge Sources, And The Benefıts Of Breadth. Strategic Management Journal, 31(2), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.807
  • Love, J. H., Roper, S., & Bryson, J. R. (2011). Openness, knowledge, innovation and growth in UK business services. Research Policy, 40(10), 1438–1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.016
  • Mansfield, B. E. (1962). American Economic Association Entry , Gibrat ’ s Law , Innovation , and the Growth of Firms, American Economic Associatio. The American Economic Review, 52(5), 1023–1051. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1812180
  • Maurer, B. (1996). R & D, innovation and industrial structure: essays on the theory of technological competition. Physica-Verlag Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95925-7
  • Mert, M. (2016). Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi Bilgisayar Uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Michaelis, T. L., Aladin, R., & Pollack, J. M. (2018). Innovation culture and the performance of new product launches: A global study. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9(February), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2018.04.001
  • Mohr, L. B. (1969). Determinants of Innovation in Organizations. American Political Science Association Stable, The American Political Science Review, 63(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954288
  • Morck, R., & Yeung, B. (2001). The Economıc Determınants of Innovatıon(Vol. 25). Draft paper.
  • Oğuztürk, B. . (2003). Yenilik Kavramı ve Teorik Temelleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 253–273. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/195031
  • Olefirenko, O., & Shevliuga, O. (2017). Commercialization of innovations: peculiarities of sales policy at innovation active enterprise. Innovative Marketing, 13(2), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.13(2).2017.01
  • Özbay, F. (2020). G20 Ülkeleri İçin Bilgi Üretim Fonksiyonunun Panel Veri Ekonometrisi İle Tahmini [Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22905.49762
  • Pakes, A., & Griliches, Z. (1980). Patents and R&D at the firm level: A first report. Economics Letters, 5(4), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(80)90136-6
  • Palmberg, C., Niininen, P., Toivanen, H., & Wahlberg, T. (2000). Industrial innovation in Finland. In VTT Group for Technology Studies Working Papers47 (00). https://www.vttresearch.com/sites/default/files/julkaisut/muut/2000/wp47.pdf
  • Roper, S., Du, J., & Love, J. H. (2008). Modelling the innovation value chain. Research Policy, 37(6–7), 961–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.005
  • Roper, S., Micheli, P., Love, J. H., & Vahter, P. (2016). The roles and effectiveness of design in new product development: A study of Irish manufacturers. Research Policy, 45(1), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.003
  • Ryan, A. M., & Doran, T. (2012). The effect of improving processes of care on patient outcomes: Evidence from the United Kingdom’s quality and outcomes framework. Medical Care, 50(3), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318244e6b5
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. In Transaction Publisher.
  • Simonin, B. L. (1997). The Importance of Collaborative Know-How : An Empirical Test of the Learning Organization. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1150–1174. https://www.jstor.org/stable/256930
  • Sirilli, G., & Evangelista, R. (1998). Technological innovation in services and manufacturing: Results from Italian surveys. Research Policy, 27(9), 881–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(98)00084-5
  • Stock, G. N., Greis, N. P., & Fischer, W. A. (2002). Firm size and dynamic technological innovation. Technovation, 22(9), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00061-X
  • Trott, P. (2005). Innovation Management and New Product Development: Innovation Management: An Overview (Third Edit). Pearson Ltd. Utterback, J. M., & Suárez, F. F. (1993). Innovation, competition, and industry structure. Research Policy, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(93)90030-L
  • Vega-Jurado, J., Gutiérrez-Gracia, A., & Fernández-De-Lucio, I. (2009). Does external knowledge sourcing matter for innovation? Evidence from the Spanish manufacturing industry. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(4), 637–670. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtp023

BEŞERİ SERMAYE VE AR-GE’NİN YENİ ÜRÜNÜN SATIŞLARDAKİ PAYI ÜZERİNE ROLÜ VE ETKİSİ: JAPONYA KEİHANSHİN BÖLGESİNİN İMALAT SANAYİSİNİN İNOVASYON PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE İNCELEME

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 11, 1 - 18, 25.08.2021

Bekir Sami Oguzturk Ferhat Özbay Mustafa Arıcan Fethi Kaleli

https://doi.org/10.51947/yonbil.939220

Öz

Bu makalede, Finlandiya ulusal yenilik sisteminin tespitine yönelik düzenlenen anket formunu temel alınıp güncellenerek Keihanshin bölgesindeki Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe ve Sakai şehirlerinde imalat sektörü üzerine uygulanmıştır. Anketten elde edilen veriler kullanılarak, Japonya’da, 2018 yılı inovasyon performansı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma hem şirketlerin inovasyon faktörlerinin şirket performansına etkisini incelemekte hem de inovasyona doğrudan atıf yaparak (yeni ürünün satışlar içindeki yüzdesi) Ar-Ge harcamalarına ayrılan pay ile üniversite mezunlarının yeni ürün üzerindeki etkisini modelleyerek araştırmaktadır. Çalışmada inovasyon performansını etkileyen etmenler grafikleştirilmiş ve bölge adına yorumlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulguların büyük şirketlerin daha yenilikçi olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Şirketler için yeniliğin gerçekleşmesini sağlayan en önemli faktörlerin Ar-Ge ve firmaların tecrübesi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca firmalar, know-how’u rekabette avantaj sağlamada en önemli etmen olarak görmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca inovasyon üretim fonksiyonu çıktısı olarak kullanılan satışlarda yeni ürünün payı değişkeni, sürekli bir değişken olduğu için normallik varsayımı altında En Küçük Kareler (EKK) regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Beşeri sermaye ve Ar-Ge masrafının satışlardaki yeni ürünün payına pozitif etkisi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Yapılan ekonometrik analiz sonuçları modelin sonuçlarının anlamlı ve güvenilir olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnovasyon Yeni Ürün Geliştirme İmalat Sanayi Bölgesel Kalkınma Ar-Ge Beşeri Sermaye

Kaynakça

  • Acs, J., & Audretsch, D. (1987). Innovation, market structure, and firm size. JSTOR, 69(4), 567–574. https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/1935950
  • Acs, J. ., & Audretsch, D. . (1988). Innovation in large and small firms: an empirical analysis. JSTOR, 78(4), 678–690.
  • Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., & And, M. F.-. (1994). R & D spillovers and recipient firm size. JSTOR, 76(2), 336–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109888
  • Akın, Ö., & Reyhanoğlu, M. (2014). İşletme Büyüklükleri Bağlamında Türkiye’nin İnovasyon Portresi (2002-2008 Dönemi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.62064
  • Almeida, F., Kennedy, A. J., Lin, B., & Nowak, I. V. (2019). Measuring innovation through a crowd source initiative. International Journal of Innovation Science, 11(3), 471–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-04-2019-0046
  • Audretsch, D. B., & Acs, Z. J. (1991). Innovation and Size at the Firm Level. Southern Economic Journal, 57(3), 739–744.
  • Avermaete, T., Viaene, J., Morgan, E. J., & Crawford, N. (2003). Determinants of innovation in small food firms. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060310459163
  • Batmaz, N., & Özcan, A. (2008). Yeniliği Etkileyen Unsurlar Ve Toplumsal Refah İlişkisi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 1(1), 233–246. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/202045
  • Bhattacharya, M., & Bloch, H. (2004). Determinants of Innovation. Small Business Economics, 22(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:sbej.0000014453.94445.de
  • Bouncken, R. B., Fredrich, V., Ritala, P., & Kraus, S. (2018). Coopetition in New Product Development Alliances: Advantages and Tensions for Incremental and Radical Innovation. British Journal of Management, 29(3), 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12213
  • Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard business school press. Chesbrough, H. W. (2007). Why companies should have open business models. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(2), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.3139/9783446467620.035
  • Cooper, R. G. (2017). We’ve Come a Long Way Baby. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 34(3), 387–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12372
  • Cooper, R. G. (2019). The drivers of success in new-product development. Industrial Marketing Management, 76(January), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.07.005
  • Doloreux, D. (2002). What we should know about regional systems of innovation. Technology in Society, 24(3), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(02)00007-6
  • Feldman, M. P. (1994). Knowledge complementarity and innovation. Small Business Economics, 6(5), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065139
  • Greenhalg, C., & Rogers, M. (2010). Innovation, Intellectual Property, and Economic Growth. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1zgwjjb
  • Güler Ö.E., & Kanber S. (2011). İnovasyon Aktivitelerinin İnovasyon Performansı Üzerine Etkileri: İmalat Sanayii Uygulaması. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(1), 61–76.
  • Harbison, F. (1956). Entrepreneurial organization as a factor in economic development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(3), 364–379. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884230
  • Jaffe, A. (1989). American Economic Association Real Effects of Academic Research American Economic Association, The American Economic Review, 79(5), 957–970. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1831431
  • Jaffe, A. B. (1986). American Economic Association Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R & D : Evidence from Firms ’ Patents , Profits , and Market Value. American Economic Association, 76(5), 984–1001. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816464
  • Kachra, A., & White, R. E. (2008). Know-How Transfer: The Role of Socıal, Economıc/Competıtıve, and Fırm Boundary Factors. Strategic Management Journal, 29(4), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.668
  • Kamien, M. I., & Schwartz, N. L. (1975). Market Structure and Innovation: A Survey. American Economic Association, 13(1), 1–37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2722211
  • Kennedy, C., & Thirlwall, A. P. (1972). Surveys in applied economics: technical progress. Oxford University Press on Behalf of the Royal Economic Society, 82(325), 11–72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2230206
  • Kim, M., Kim, J., Sawng, Y., & Lim, K. (2018). Impacts of innovation type SME’s R&D capability on patent and new product development. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-04-2018-043
  • Kleinknecht, A. (1989). Firm size and innovation - Observations in dutch manufacturing industries. Small Business Economics, 1(3), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00401858
  • Leiponen, A. (2005). Skills and innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 23(5–6), 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.03.005
  • Leıponen, A., & Helfat, C. E. (2010). Research Notes And Commentarıes Innovatıon Objectıves, Knowledge Sources, And The Benefıts Of Breadth. Strategic Management Journal, 31(2), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.807
  • Love, J. H., Roper, S., & Bryson, J. R. (2011). Openness, knowledge, innovation and growth in UK business services. Research Policy, 40(10), 1438–1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.016
  • Mansfield, B. E. (1962). American Economic Association Entry , Gibrat ’ s Law , Innovation , and the Growth of Firms, American Economic Associatio. The American Economic Review, 52(5), 1023–1051. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1812180
  • Maurer, B. (1996). R & D, innovation and industrial structure: essays on the theory of technological competition. Physica-Verlag Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95925-7
  • Mert, M. (2016). Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi Bilgisayar Uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Michaelis, T. L., Aladin, R., & Pollack, J. M. (2018). Innovation culture and the performance of new product launches: A global study. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9(February), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2018.04.001
  • Mohr, L. B. (1969). Determinants of Innovation in Organizations. American Political Science Association Stable, The American Political Science Review, 63(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954288
  • Morck, R., & Yeung, B. (2001). The Economıc Determınants of Innovatıon(Vol. 25). Draft paper.
  • Oğuztürk, B. . (2003). Yenilik Kavramı ve Teorik Temelleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 253–273. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/195031
  • Olefirenko, O., & Shevliuga, O. (2017). Commercialization of innovations: peculiarities of sales policy at innovation active enterprise. Innovative Marketing, 13(2), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.13(2).2017.01
  • Özbay, F. (2020). G20 Ülkeleri İçin Bilgi Üretim Fonksiyonunun Panel Veri Ekonometrisi İle Tahmini [Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22905.49762
  • Pakes, A., & Griliches, Z. (1980). Patents and R&D at the firm level: A first report. Economics Letters, 5(4), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(80)90136-6
  • Palmberg, C., Niininen, P., Toivanen, H., & Wahlberg, T. (2000). Industrial innovation in Finland. In VTT Group for Technology Studies Working Papers47 (00). https://www.vttresearch.com/sites/default/files/julkaisut/muut/2000/wp47.pdf
  • Roper, S., Du, J., & Love, J. H. (2008). Modelling the innovation value chain. Research Policy, 37(6–7), 961–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.005
  • Roper, S., Micheli, P., Love, J. H., & Vahter, P. (2016). The roles and effectiveness of design in new product development: A study of Irish manufacturers. Research Policy, 45(1), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.003
  • Ryan, A. M., & Doran, T. (2012). The effect of improving processes of care on patient outcomes: Evidence from the United Kingdom’s quality and outcomes framework. Medical Care, 50(3), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318244e6b5
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. In Transaction Publisher.
  • Simonin, B. L. (1997). The Importance of Collaborative Know-How : An Empirical Test of the Learning Organization. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1150–1174. https://www.jstor.org/stable/256930
  • Sirilli, G., & Evangelista, R. (1998). Technological innovation in services and manufacturing: Results from Italian surveys. Research Policy, 27(9), 881–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(98)00084-5
  • Stock, G. N., Greis, N. P., & Fischer, W. A. (2002). Firm size and dynamic technological innovation. Technovation, 22(9), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00061-X
  • Trott, P. (2005). Innovation Management and New Product Development: Innovation Management: An Overview (Third Edit). Pearson Ltd. Utterback, J. M., & Suárez, F. F. (1993). Innovation, competition, and industry structure. Research Policy, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(93)90030-L
  • Vega-Jurado, J., Gutiérrez-Gracia, A., & Fernández-De-Lucio, I. (2009). Does external knowledge sourcing matter for innovation? Evidence from the Spanish manufacturing industry. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(4), 637–670. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtp023
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bekir Sami Oguzturk 0000-0003-3076-9470

Ferhat Özbay 0000-0002-7756-3835

Mustafa Arıcan 0000-0002-0716-2729

Fethi Kaleli Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7769-1434

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2021
Kabul Tarihi 5 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Oguzturk, B. S., Özbay, F., Arıcan, M., Kaleli, F. (2021). THE ROLE AND EFFECT OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND R&D ON THE SALES OF NEW PRODUCT: A STUDY ON THE INNOVATION PERFORMANCE OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF KEIHANSHIN REGION IN JAPAN. Uluslararası Akademik Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(11), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.51947/yonbil.939220
 Kapak Resmi İndir
Uluslararası Akademik Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi
ISSN: 2149-1984
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