Öz
Technological developments, which have become widespread in recent years, have also changed the definition of cities, their management and the ways citizens participate. However, it has also brought up some issues regarding the fundamental rights and freedoms of city residents. Do smart city applications have the potential to improve fundamental rights? Although the smart city understanding and applications create some opportunities for the development and protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, it also has the potential to bring about some new problems in terms of fundamental rights and freedoms. The aim of this study is to reveal the possible negative effects of smart city initiatives on some basic human rights and freedoms. In this context, the study tried to reveal the connection between the two phenomena by using qualitative research methods and looking at academic literature studies that reveal the risks of smart city technologies to people's fundamental rights and freedoms. In this study, smart cities are examined mainly from a critical perspective. Based on the research conducted in this field, in terms of which rights and freedoms and what kind of a threat do smart cities pose? Answers to these questions were sought. Although smart city technologies have many effects that make life easier for city residents, they directly or indirectly cause significant negative effects on the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals in many respects, such as privacy and confidentiality violations, predictive profiling, encouraging digital division, and freedom of expression and thought. Violation of these rights may provide grounds for violations of other types of rights and freedoms of individuals. In short, although smart city initiatives provide the opportunity to realize and develop people's rights and freedoms, they can also be used to violate and limit rights and freedoms.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Smart Cities Fundamental rights and freedoms Human rights Digital divide
Kaynakça
- Brauneis, R., Goodman, E. P. (2018). Algorithmic transparency for the smart city. Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 20(1), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.7282/00000058
- Christofi, A. (2023). Smart cities and cumulative effects on fundamental rights. Internet Policy Review, 12(1). 1-10. https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.1.1701
- Depiné A., Eleutheriou, V., & Macedo, M. (2017). Human dimension and the future of smart cities. V Congresso Internacional Cidades Criativas: Libro de Actas (pp. 948-957), Vol. 2.
- Dijk, J. A. (2012). The Evolution of the digital divide: The digital divide turns to ınequality of skills and usage. J. Bus, M. Crompton, M. Hildebrandt, G. Metakides (Eds), Digital Enlightenment Yearbook (pp. 57-73), IOS Press.
- Flak, L.S., Hofmann, S. (2020). The impact of smart city initiatives on human rights. EGOV-CeDEM-ePart. 165-173. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2797/paper16.pdf
- Hansen, J.L., Skaiaa, A. (2019). The impact of smart city initiatives on human rights. A Qualitative Research Study. University of Agder
- Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities (2014, 28 August).http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx.
- Honk, K. (2019). The complicated truth about China's social credit system. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-social-credit-system-explained
- Ilhami, R., Marlovia, E., & Achmad, W. (2022). Smart government policy implementation for smart city concept realization. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S5), 8379–8389. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS5.11753
- Kitchin, R., Cardullo, P., & Di Feliciantonio, C. (2019). Citizenship, justice and the right to the smart city. CardulloP., Feliciantionio, C. and Kitchin, R. (Eds), The right to the smart city (pp. 1-24). Emerald Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1108/9781787691391
- Kuçuradi, İ. (2006). Schopenhauer ve insan. Türkiye Felsefe Kurumları Yayınları.
- Kuçuradi, İ. (2007). İnsan hakları kavramları ve sorunları. Türkiye Felsefe Kurumları Yayınları.
- Kul, S., Durdu, P. O., & Akbulut, O. (2019). Performance comparison of EEG channels in emotion recognition. 27th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) (pp. 1-4), DOİ: 10.1109/SIU.2019.8806538.
- Law, K. H., & Lynch, J. P. (2019). Smart city: Technologies and challenges. IT Professional, 21(6), 46–51. doi:10.1109/mitp.2019.2935405
- Mcbride, K., Hammerschmid, G., & Cingolani, l. (2022). Policy brief: Human centric smart cities- redefining the smart city. Hertie School Centre For Digital Governance
- Meadow, R. (2023, 12 Semtember). What is Racial Profiling?. https://policebrutalitycenter.org/police-brutality/racial-profiling/
- Qarri, A., Gill, L. (2022, 18 Semtember). Smart cities and human rights. Future Cities Canada. https://futurecitiescanada.ca/portal/resources/smartcities-and-human-rights/
- Oliveira, A., Campolargo, M. (2015). From smart cities to human smart cities. 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. doi:10.1109/hicss.2015.281
- Pierce, P., Andersson, B. (2017). Challenges with smart cities initiatives–A municipal decision makers’ perspective. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 2804-2813). doi: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/41495
- Reuter, K. (2019). Human rights and the city: Including marginalized communities in urban development and smart cities. Journal of Human Rights, 18 (4), 382-402, DOI:10.1080/14754835.2019.1629887
- Reuter, K. (2020). Smart city visions and human rights: Do they go together? https://carrcente r.hks.harvard.edu/publications/smart-city-visions-and-human-rights-do-they-go-together
- Shelton, T., Lodato, T. (2019). Actually existing smart citizens. City, 23(1), 35-52.
- T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı (2020). Yöneticiler için akıllı şehirler, Akıllı Şehirler Kapasite Geliştirme ve Rehberlik Projesi. https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/KapasiteGelistirme/Egitim_Pdf/Yoneticiler_Icin_Akilli_Sehirler.pdf
- Toriz R.C. (2019). Democracy and governance in the smart city. A. Visvizi, M. D. Lytras (Eds) Smart Cities: Issues and challenges (pp. 17–30), Elsevier, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816639-0.00002-8
- UN-Habitat (2021). Addressing the digital divide, taking action towards digital inclusion, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).
- Wernick, A., Artyushina, A. (2023). Future-proofing the city: A human rights-based approach to governing algorithmic, biometric and smart city technologies. Internet Policy Review, 12(1), https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.1.1695
- World Charter for the Right to the City (2001). https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/WorldCharterRighttoCity.pdf.
Öz
Son yıllarda hızla yaygınlık gösteren teknolojik gelişmeler şehirlerin tanımını, yönetimini ve yurttaşların katılım biçimlerini değiştirmiştir. Bununla birlikte şehir sakinlerinin temel hak ve özgürlükleri ile ilgi bazı konuları da gündeme getirmiştir. Akıllı şehir uygulamaları temel hakları geliştirme potansiyeline sahip midir? Akıllı şehir anlayışı ve uygulamaları, temel hak ve özgürlüklerin geliştirilmesi ve korunması açısından bazı fırsatlar yaratsa da, temel hak ve özgürlükler açısından bazı yeni sorunları da beraberinde getirme potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı akıllı şehir girişimlerinin bazı temel insan hak ve özgürlükleri üzerindeki olası olumsuz etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak, akıllı şehir teknolojilerinin insanların temel hak ve özgürlüklerine yönelik risklerini ortaya koyan akademik literatür çalışmalarına bakılarak iki olgu arasındaki bağlantı ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada akıllı şehirler ağırlıklı olarak eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla incelenmektedir. Bu alanda yapılan araştırmalardan hareketle akıllı şehirler daha çok hangi hak ve özgürlükler açısından nasıl bir tehdit oluşturuyor? Bu soruların yanıtları aranmıştır. Akıllı şehir teknolojileri, şehir sakinlerinin yaşamını kolaylaştıran pek çok etkiye sahip olsa da, gizlik ve mahremiyet ihlalleri, tahmine dayalı profilleme, dijital bölünmeyi teşvik etme, ifade ve düşünce özgürlüğü gibi pek çok açıdan bireylerin temel hak ve özgürlükleri üzerinde doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak önemli olumsuz etkilere neden olmaktadır. Bu hakların ihlali, kişilerin diğer hak ve özgürlüklerinin de ihlal edilmesine zemin oluşturabilir. Kısacası akıllı şehir girişimleri insanların hak ve özgürlüklerini gerçekleştirme ve geliştirme fırsatı sunsa da hak ve özgürlükleri ihlal etmek ve sınırlamak için de kullanılabilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Akıllı Şehirler Temel Haklar ve Özgürlükler İnsan Hakları Dijital Bölünme
Kaynakça
- Brauneis, R., Goodman, E. P. (2018). Algorithmic transparency for the smart city. Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 20(1), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.7282/00000058
- Christofi, A. (2023). Smart cities and cumulative effects on fundamental rights. Internet Policy Review, 12(1). 1-10. https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.1.1701
- Depiné A., Eleutheriou, V., & Macedo, M. (2017). Human dimension and the future of smart cities. V Congresso Internacional Cidades Criativas: Libro de Actas (pp. 948-957), Vol. 2.
- Dijk, J. A. (2012). The Evolution of the digital divide: The digital divide turns to ınequality of skills and usage. J. Bus, M. Crompton, M. Hildebrandt, G. Metakides (Eds), Digital Enlightenment Yearbook (pp. 57-73), IOS Press.
- Flak, L.S., Hofmann, S. (2020). The impact of smart city initiatives on human rights. EGOV-CeDEM-ePart. 165-173. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2797/paper16.pdf
- Hansen, J.L., Skaiaa, A. (2019). The impact of smart city initiatives on human rights. A Qualitative Research Study. University of Agder
- Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities (2014, 28 August).http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx.
- Honk, K. (2019). The complicated truth about China's social credit system. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-social-credit-system-explained
- Ilhami, R., Marlovia, E., & Achmad, W. (2022). Smart government policy implementation for smart city concept realization. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S5), 8379–8389. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS5.11753
- Kitchin, R., Cardullo, P., & Di Feliciantonio, C. (2019). Citizenship, justice and the right to the smart city. CardulloP., Feliciantionio, C. and Kitchin, R. (Eds), The right to the smart city (pp. 1-24). Emerald Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1108/9781787691391
- Kuçuradi, İ. (2006). Schopenhauer ve insan. Türkiye Felsefe Kurumları Yayınları.
- Kuçuradi, İ. (2007). İnsan hakları kavramları ve sorunları. Türkiye Felsefe Kurumları Yayınları.
- Kul, S., Durdu, P. O., & Akbulut, O. (2019). Performance comparison of EEG channels in emotion recognition. 27th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) (pp. 1-4), DOİ: 10.1109/SIU.2019.8806538.
- Law, K. H., & Lynch, J. P. (2019). Smart city: Technologies and challenges. IT Professional, 21(6), 46–51. doi:10.1109/mitp.2019.2935405
- Mcbride, K., Hammerschmid, G., & Cingolani, l. (2022). Policy brief: Human centric smart cities- redefining the smart city. Hertie School Centre For Digital Governance
- Meadow, R. (2023, 12 Semtember). What is Racial Profiling?. https://policebrutalitycenter.org/police-brutality/racial-profiling/
- Qarri, A., Gill, L. (2022, 18 Semtember). Smart cities and human rights. Future Cities Canada. https://futurecitiescanada.ca/portal/resources/smartcities-and-human-rights/
- Oliveira, A., Campolargo, M. (2015). From smart cities to human smart cities. 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. doi:10.1109/hicss.2015.281
- Pierce, P., Andersson, B. (2017). Challenges with smart cities initiatives–A municipal decision makers’ perspective. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 2804-2813). doi: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/41495
- Reuter, K. (2019). Human rights and the city: Including marginalized communities in urban development and smart cities. Journal of Human Rights, 18 (4), 382-402, DOI:10.1080/14754835.2019.1629887
- Reuter, K. (2020). Smart city visions and human rights: Do they go together? https://carrcente r.hks.harvard.edu/publications/smart-city-visions-and-human-rights-do-they-go-together
- Shelton, T., Lodato, T. (2019). Actually existing smart citizens. City, 23(1), 35-52.
- T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı (2020). Yöneticiler için akıllı şehirler, Akıllı Şehirler Kapasite Geliştirme ve Rehberlik Projesi. https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/KapasiteGelistirme/Egitim_Pdf/Yoneticiler_Icin_Akilli_Sehirler.pdf
- Toriz R.C. (2019). Democracy and governance in the smart city. A. Visvizi, M. D. Lytras (Eds) Smart Cities: Issues and challenges (pp. 17–30), Elsevier, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816639-0.00002-8
- UN-Habitat (2021). Addressing the digital divide, taking action towards digital inclusion, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).
- Wernick, A., Artyushina, A. (2023). Future-proofing the city: A human rights-based approach to governing algorithmic, biometric and smart city technologies. Internet Policy Review, 12(1), https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.1.1695
- World Charter for the Right to the City (2001). https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/WorldCharterRighttoCity.pdf.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Kentleşme Politikaları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Ekim 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1 |
- Makale Dosyaları