Araştırma Makalesi
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COVID-19’un Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Üzerindeki Ekonomik Etkileri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 760 - 782, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47097/piar.1357725

Öz

Bu araştırma, 2020 ve 2021 yıllarında COVID-19 pandemisinin Avrupa Birliği'nin ekonomik yapısına etkilerini nitel bir analizle ele almaktadır. COVID-19, 2019'un sonlarında ortaya çıkan ve hızla küresel bir pandemiye dönüşen, SARS-CoV-2 virüsü neden olduğu bulaşıcı bir solunum yolu hastalığıdır. Çalışma, işsizlik, Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GSYİH) ve ticaret hacmi gibi kritik ekonomik göstergeler üzerinde pandeminin nasıl bir etki bıraktığını incelemektedir. Araştırmanın bulguları, turizm ve üretim sektörlerinin kısa vadede olumsuz etkilendiğini, buna karşın teknoloji ve sağlık sektörlerinin olumlu gelişmeler kaydettiğini göstermektedir. Keynesyen ekonomi teorileri, genellikle ekonomik durgunluk dönemlerinde ya da kriz anlarında hükümetin müdahaleci rolünü vurgular. Bu teorilere göre, ekonomik aktivite düşüş gösterdiğinde ya da tüketim ve yatırım azaldığında, hükümetin proaktif bir şekilde harcama yapması ve ekonomiyi canlandırmak için politikalar oluşturması önerilir. Bu araştırma, Avrupa Birliği üye ülkelerinin Keynesyen ekonomik teorilere uygun bir şekilde, sağlık harcamalarını artırdığı ve doğrudan gelir desteği, üretici sübvansiyonları, istihdam koruma programları ve küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelere (KOBİ) kredi garantileri gibi önlemler aldığını gözler önüne sermektedir. Bu çalışma ayrıca uluslararası koordinasyon ve ortak stratejilerin öneminin arttığını ve Avrupa Birliği ve Birleşmiş Milletler gibi uluslararası kuruluşların bu tür krizlere karşı koordineli tedbirler ve kaynak tahsisinde kritik roller oynadıklarını belirtmektedir. Çalışma, pandeminin Avrupa Birliği üye ülkelerini farklı ölçülerde etkilediğine dikkat çekmekte ve bu çeşitliliğin gelecekte yeni ekonomik politikaların tasarlanması ihtiyacını doğurabileceğini göstermektedir. Krizin uzun vadeli etkileri belirsiz olsa da etkin bir kriz yönetiminin zararı minimize edebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akbulaev, N., Mammadov, I., & Aliyev, V. (2020). The economic impact of COVID-19. Sylwan, 164(5).
  • Bashir, M. F., Ma, B., & Shahzad, L. (2020). A brief review of socio-economic and environmental impact of Covid-19. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13, 1403-1409.
  • Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, M. H., Raissi, M., & Rebucci, A. (2020). A counterfactual economic analysis of COVID-19 using a threshold augmented multi-country model.
  • European Central Bank. (2020, April 30). Our response to the coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved May 15, 2020. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/search/coronavirus/html/index.en.html
  • Eurostat, European Statistics. (2020). Retrieved July 12, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/covid-19/economy
  • Eurofound. (2020). Short-Time Working. Database of National-Level Policy Measures. EU PolicyWatch. Retrieved September 12, 2023. https://static.eurofound.europa.eu/covid19db/cases/FR-2020-10_462.html
  • Eurofound. (2023). Wages Guarantee Fund (CIG). Database of National-Level Policy Measures. EU PolicyWatch. Retrieved September 14, 2023. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/resources/eu-policywatch
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy, IESE Business School Working Paper No. WP-1240-E.
  • IMF. (2020). Latest World Economic Outlook Growth Projections. World Economic Outlook.
  • IMF. (2023a). World Economic Outlook. Retrieved June 22, 2023. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO.
  • IMF. (2023b). Regional Economic Outlook, Europe. Retrieved May 24, 2021. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/EU/Issues/2020/10/19/REO-EUR-1021
  • Look, C. (2020). Explaining Kurzarbeit, or sving jobs the German way. Retrieved September 12, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-03/how-germany-pays-workers-when-their-work-dries-up-quicktake#xj4y7vzkg
  • Nicola, M., Z. Alsafi, C. Sohrabi, A. Kerwan, A. Al-Jabir, C. Iosifidis, M. Agha., & R. Agha. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193.
  • OECD Stat. (n.d.). Short-Term Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved May 22, 2021. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=STLABOUR
  • OECD (2023), FDI flows (indicator). Retrieved September 25, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1787/99f6e393-en
  • Ozili, P. ve Arun, T. (2023). Spillover of COVID-19: Impact on the global economy. In Managing inflation and supply chain disruptions in the global economy (pp. 41-61). IGI Global.
  • Öztürk, Ö., M. Y. Şişman, H. Uslu ve F. Çıtak. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 outbreak on Turkish stock market: A sectoral-level analysis. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1), 56-68.
  • Sherman, Erik. (2020, February 21). 94% of the Fortune 1000 are seeing coronavirus supply chain disruptions: Report. Fortune. Retrieved May 4, 2020. https://fortune.com/2020/02/21/fortune-1000-coronavirus-china-supply-chain-impact/
  • UNCTAD. (2023, January). Global foreign direct investment fell by 42% in 2020; outlook remains weak. Retrieved June 29, 2023. https://unctad.org/news/global-foreign-direct-investment-fell-42-2020-outlook-remains-weak
  • Worldometers. (2023). Coronavirus cases. Retrieved June 12, 2023. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2023). Global Trade Outlook and Statistics. Retrieved September 12, 2023. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/gtos_updt_oct23_e.pdf

Economic Effects of COVID-19 on European Union Countries

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 760 - 782, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47097/piar.1357725

Öz

This research examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic structure of the European Union through a qualitative analysis for the years 2020 and 2021. COVID-19 is a contagious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that emerged in late 2019 and quickly became a global pandemic. The study details the impact of the pandemic on critical economic indicators such as unemployment, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and trade volume. The research findings show that the tourism and manufacturing sectors were negatively affected in the short term, while the technology and health sectors recorded positive developments. Keynesian economic theories generally emphasize the government's interventionist role during periods of economic stagnation or crisis. According to these theories, when economic activity declines or consumption and investment decrease, the government should proactively increase spending and develop policies to stimulate the economy. This research reveals that European Union member countries increased healthcare spending and took proactive measures such as direct income support, producer subsidies, employment protection programs, and credit guarantees for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in line with Keynesian economic theories. The study also notes the growing importance of international coordination and joint strategies, highlighting the critical roles of international organizations like the European Union and the United Nations in coordinating measures and allocating resources against such crises. The study draws attention to the varied impact of the pandemic on different EU member countries. It suggests that this diversity may necessitate the design of new economic policies in the future. Although the long-term effects of the crisis are uncertain, the study concludes that effective crisis management can minimize the damage.

Kaynakça

  • Akbulaev, N., Mammadov, I., & Aliyev, V. (2020). The economic impact of COVID-19. Sylwan, 164(5).
  • Bashir, M. F., Ma, B., & Shahzad, L. (2020). A brief review of socio-economic and environmental impact of Covid-19. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13, 1403-1409.
  • Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, M. H., Raissi, M., & Rebucci, A. (2020). A counterfactual economic analysis of COVID-19 using a threshold augmented multi-country model.
  • European Central Bank. (2020, April 30). Our response to the coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved May 15, 2020. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/search/coronavirus/html/index.en.html
  • Eurostat, European Statistics. (2020). Retrieved July 12, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/covid-19/economy
  • Eurofound. (2020). Short-Time Working. Database of National-Level Policy Measures. EU PolicyWatch. Retrieved September 12, 2023. https://static.eurofound.europa.eu/covid19db/cases/FR-2020-10_462.html
  • Eurofound. (2023). Wages Guarantee Fund (CIG). Database of National-Level Policy Measures. EU PolicyWatch. Retrieved September 14, 2023. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/resources/eu-policywatch
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy, IESE Business School Working Paper No. WP-1240-E.
  • IMF. (2020). Latest World Economic Outlook Growth Projections. World Economic Outlook.
  • IMF. (2023a). World Economic Outlook. Retrieved June 22, 2023. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO.
  • IMF. (2023b). Regional Economic Outlook, Europe. Retrieved May 24, 2021. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/EU/Issues/2020/10/19/REO-EUR-1021
  • Look, C. (2020). Explaining Kurzarbeit, or sving jobs the German way. Retrieved September 12, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-03/how-germany-pays-workers-when-their-work-dries-up-quicktake#xj4y7vzkg
  • Nicola, M., Z. Alsafi, C. Sohrabi, A. Kerwan, A. Al-Jabir, C. Iosifidis, M. Agha., & R. Agha. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193.
  • OECD Stat. (n.d.). Short-Term Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved May 22, 2021. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=STLABOUR
  • OECD (2023), FDI flows (indicator). Retrieved September 25, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1787/99f6e393-en
  • Ozili, P. ve Arun, T. (2023). Spillover of COVID-19: Impact on the global economy. In Managing inflation and supply chain disruptions in the global economy (pp. 41-61). IGI Global.
  • Öztürk, Ö., M. Y. Şişman, H. Uslu ve F. Çıtak. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 outbreak on Turkish stock market: A sectoral-level analysis. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1), 56-68.
  • Sherman, Erik. (2020, February 21). 94% of the Fortune 1000 are seeing coronavirus supply chain disruptions: Report. Fortune. Retrieved May 4, 2020. https://fortune.com/2020/02/21/fortune-1000-coronavirus-china-supply-chain-impact/
  • UNCTAD. (2023, January). Global foreign direct investment fell by 42% in 2020; outlook remains weak. Retrieved June 29, 2023. https://unctad.org/news/global-foreign-direct-investment-fell-42-2020-outlook-remains-weak
  • Worldometers. (2023). Coronavirus cases. Retrieved June 12, 2023. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2023). Global Trade Outlook and Statistics. Retrieved September 12, 2023. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/gtos_updt_oct23_e.pdf
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Haşmet Gökırmak 0000-0003-2294-5382

Fuat Sekmen 0000-0002-8854-8737

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökırmak, H., & Sekmen, F. (2023). COVID-19’un Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Üzerindeki Ekonomik Etkileri. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 760-782. https://doi.org/10.47097/piar.1357725

Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisinde yayınlanmış makalelerin telif hakları Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) kapsamındadır.

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