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STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 26, 60 - 70, 07.09.2017

Öz

This paper tests the stochastic convergence hypothesis of per capita greenhouse gas emissions among G7 countries over the period from 1990 through 2014. In testing stochastic convergence, we transfer per capita greenhouse gas emissions in level, relative to the average by using methodology of Carlino and Mills (1993, 1996) and investigate unit root properties of these obtained relative series by using recently developed unit root test of Narayan and Popp(2010) besides conventional unit root tests. Conventional unit root test results indicate that stochastic convergence hypothesis is supported only for France and United States. On the other hand, when we take into account existence of possible structural breaks, the results provide significant support for stochastic convergence of relative per capita greenhouse gas emissions for France, Japan, United Kingdom and United States and divergence for Canada, Germany and Italy.

Kaynakça

  • Aldy, J.E. 2006. Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Convergence or Divergence?. Environmental and Resource Economics. 33: 533–555.
  • Barassi, M.R., Cole, M.A., Elliott, R.J.R. 2008. Stochastic Divergence or Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Re-examining the Evidence. Environmental and Resource Economics. 40(1): 121-137.
  • Bimonte, S. 2009. Growth and Environmental Quality: Testing the Double Convergence Hypothesis. Ecological Economics. 68(8): 2406-2411.
  • Carlino, G.A., Mills, L.O. 1993. Are US Regional converging? A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics. 32: 335-346.
  • Carlino, G.A., Mills, L.O. 1996. Testing Neoclassical Convergence in Regional Incomes and Earnings. Regional Science and Urban Economics. 26: 565-590.
  • Chang, C.P., Lee, C.C. 2008. Are Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Converging Among Industrialized Countries? New Time Series Evidence with Structural Breaks. Environment and Development Economics. 13: 497-515. Dickey, D., Fuller, W. 1979. Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 74: 427–431.
  • Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T.J., Stock, J.H. 1996. Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometrica. 64: 813–836.
  • Ezcurra, R. 2007. Is There Cross-Country Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions?. Energy Policy. 35(2):1363–1372.
  • Hao, Y., Liao, H., Wei, Y.M. 2015. Is China’s Carbon Reduction Target Allocation Reasonable? An Analysis based on Carbon Intensity Convergence. Applied Energy. 142: 229-239.
  • Herrerias, M.J. 2013. The Environmental Convergence Hypothesis: Carbon Dioxide Emissions According to the Source of Energy. Energy policy. 61: 1140-1150.
  • Kyoto Protocol. 1997. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [Online] http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php.
  • Lee, J., Strazicich, M.C. 2003. Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics. 85(4): 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J., Strazicich, M.C. 2004. Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break. Department of Economics Appalachian State University. 1-16.
  • Lee, C.C., Chang, C.P., Chen, P.F. 2008. Do CO2 Emission Levels Converge Among 21 OECD Countries? New Evidence from Unit Root Structural Break Tests. Applied Economics Letters. 15(7): 551-556.
  • Li, X., Lin, B. 2013. Global Convergence in Per Capita CO2 Emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 24: 357-363.
  • Lumsdaine, R.L., Papell, D.H. 1997. Multiple Trend Breaks and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics. 79(2): 212-218.
  • McKitrick, R., Strazicich, M. 2005. Stationarity of Global Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Implications for Global Warming Scenarios. Department of Economics University of Guelph.
  • Narayan, P.K., Popp, S. 2010. A New Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks in Level and Slope at Unknown Time. Journal of Applied Statistics. 37: 1425-1438.
  • Ng, S., Perron, P. 2001. Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power. Econometrica. 69: 1519–1554.
  • Nguyen-Van, P. 2005. Distribution Dynamics of CO2 Emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics. 32: 495–508.
  • Nourry, M. 2009. Re-examining the Empirical Evidence for Stochastic Convergence of Two Air Pollutants with a Pair-Wise Approach. Environmental and Resource Economics. 44(4): 555-570.
  • Panopoulou, E., Pantelidis, T. 2009. Club Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics. 44(1): 47-70.
  • Perron, P. 1989. The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica. 57: 1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P.C.B., Perron, P. 1988. Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika. 75: 335–346.
  • Popp, S. 2008. New Innovational Outlier Unit Root Test with a Break at an Unknown Time. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation. 78: 1143-1159.
  • Romero-Ávila, D. 2008. Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions among Industrialised Countries Revisited. Energy Economics. 30(5): 2265-2282.
  • Schmidt, P., Phillips, P.C.B. 1992. LM Test for a Unit Root in the Presence of Deterministic Trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 54: 257-287.
  • Stern, D.I., Common, M.S., Barbier, E.B. 1996. Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Sustainable Development. World Development. 24: 1151–1160.
  • Strazicich, M.C., List, J.A. 2003. Are CO2 Emission Levels Converging among Industrial Countries. Environmental and Resource Economics. 24: 263–271.
  • Vogelsang. T., Perron, P. 1998. Additional Tests for a Unit Root Allowing for a Break in the Trend Function at an Unknown Time. International Economic Review. 39(4): 1073–1100.
  • Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Huang, D., Cai, C. 2014. Convergence Behavior of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China. Economic Modeling. 43: 75-80.
  • Westerlund, J., Basher, S.A. 2008. Testing for Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions using a Century of Panel Data. Environmental and Resource Economics. 40(1): 109-120.
  • Yavuz, N.C., Yilanci, V. 2013. Convergence in Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions among G7 Countries: A TAR Panel Unit Root Approach. Environmental and Resource Economics. 54: 283-291.
  • Zivot, E., Andrews, D. 1992. Further Evidence of the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. 10: 251–270.

STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 26, 60 - 70, 07.09.2017

Öz

This paper tests the stochastic
convergence hypothesis of per capita greenhouse gas emissions among G7
countries over the period from 1990 through 2014. In testing stochastic
convergence, we transfer per capita greenhouse gas emissions in level, relative
to the average by using methodology of Carlino and Mills (1993, 1996) and
investigate unit root properties of these obtained relative series by using
recently developed unit root test of Narayan and Popp(2010) besides
conventional unit root tests. Conventional unit root test results indicate that
stochastic convergence hypothesis is supported only for France and United
States. On the other hand, when we take into account existence of possible
structural breaks, the results provide significant support for stochastic
convergence of relative per capita greenhouse gas emissions for France, Japan,
United Kingdom and United States and divergence for Canada, Germany and Italy.

Kaynakça

  • Aldy, J.E. 2006. Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Convergence or Divergence?. Environmental and Resource Economics. 33: 533–555.
  • Barassi, M.R., Cole, M.A., Elliott, R.J.R. 2008. Stochastic Divergence or Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Re-examining the Evidence. Environmental and Resource Economics. 40(1): 121-137.
  • Bimonte, S. 2009. Growth and Environmental Quality: Testing the Double Convergence Hypothesis. Ecological Economics. 68(8): 2406-2411.
  • Carlino, G.A., Mills, L.O. 1993. Are US Regional converging? A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics. 32: 335-346.
  • Carlino, G.A., Mills, L.O. 1996. Testing Neoclassical Convergence in Regional Incomes and Earnings. Regional Science and Urban Economics. 26: 565-590.
  • Chang, C.P., Lee, C.C. 2008. Are Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Converging Among Industrialized Countries? New Time Series Evidence with Structural Breaks. Environment and Development Economics. 13: 497-515. Dickey, D., Fuller, W. 1979. Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 74: 427–431.
  • Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T.J., Stock, J.H. 1996. Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometrica. 64: 813–836.
  • Ezcurra, R. 2007. Is There Cross-Country Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions?. Energy Policy. 35(2):1363–1372.
  • Hao, Y., Liao, H., Wei, Y.M. 2015. Is China’s Carbon Reduction Target Allocation Reasonable? An Analysis based on Carbon Intensity Convergence. Applied Energy. 142: 229-239.
  • Herrerias, M.J. 2013. The Environmental Convergence Hypothesis: Carbon Dioxide Emissions According to the Source of Energy. Energy policy. 61: 1140-1150.
  • Kyoto Protocol. 1997. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [Online] http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php.
  • Lee, J., Strazicich, M.C. 2003. Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics. 85(4): 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J., Strazicich, M.C. 2004. Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break. Department of Economics Appalachian State University. 1-16.
  • Lee, C.C., Chang, C.P., Chen, P.F. 2008. Do CO2 Emission Levels Converge Among 21 OECD Countries? New Evidence from Unit Root Structural Break Tests. Applied Economics Letters. 15(7): 551-556.
  • Li, X., Lin, B. 2013. Global Convergence in Per Capita CO2 Emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 24: 357-363.
  • Lumsdaine, R.L., Papell, D.H. 1997. Multiple Trend Breaks and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics. 79(2): 212-218.
  • McKitrick, R., Strazicich, M. 2005. Stationarity of Global Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Implications for Global Warming Scenarios. Department of Economics University of Guelph.
  • Narayan, P.K., Popp, S. 2010. A New Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks in Level and Slope at Unknown Time. Journal of Applied Statistics. 37: 1425-1438.
  • Ng, S., Perron, P. 2001. Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power. Econometrica. 69: 1519–1554.
  • Nguyen-Van, P. 2005. Distribution Dynamics of CO2 Emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics. 32: 495–508.
  • Nourry, M. 2009. Re-examining the Empirical Evidence for Stochastic Convergence of Two Air Pollutants with a Pair-Wise Approach. Environmental and Resource Economics. 44(4): 555-570.
  • Panopoulou, E., Pantelidis, T. 2009. Club Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics. 44(1): 47-70.
  • Perron, P. 1989. The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica. 57: 1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P.C.B., Perron, P. 1988. Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika. 75: 335–346.
  • Popp, S. 2008. New Innovational Outlier Unit Root Test with a Break at an Unknown Time. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation. 78: 1143-1159.
  • Romero-Ávila, D. 2008. Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions among Industrialised Countries Revisited. Energy Economics. 30(5): 2265-2282.
  • Schmidt, P., Phillips, P.C.B. 1992. LM Test for a Unit Root in the Presence of Deterministic Trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 54: 257-287.
  • Stern, D.I., Common, M.S., Barbier, E.B. 1996. Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Sustainable Development. World Development. 24: 1151–1160.
  • Strazicich, M.C., List, J.A. 2003. Are CO2 Emission Levels Converging among Industrial Countries. Environmental and Resource Economics. 24: 263–271.
  • Vogelsang. T., Perron, P. 1998. Additional Tests for a Unit Root Allowing for a Break in the Trend Function at an Unknown Time. International Economic Review. 39(4): 1073–1100.
  • Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Huang, D., Cai, C. 2014. Convergence Behavior of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China. Economic Modeling. 43: 75-80.
  • Westerlund, J., Basher, S.A. 2008. Testing for Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions using a Century of Panel Data. Environmental and Resource Economics. 40(1): 109-120.
  • Yavuz, N.C., Yilanci, V. 2013. Convergence in Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions among G7 Countries: A TAR Panel Unit Root Approach. Environmental and Resource Economics. 54: 283-291.
  • Zivot, E., Andrews, D. 1992. Further Evidence of the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. 10: 251–270.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Burcu Kıran Baygın

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Eylül 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

APA Kıran Baygın, B. (2017). STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics E-Journal(26), 60-70.
AMA Kıran Baygın B. STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal. Ağustos 2017;(26):60-70.
Chicago Kıran Baygın, Burcu. “STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS”. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics E-Journal, sy. 26 (Ağustos 2017): 60-70.
EndNote Kıran Baygın B (01 Ağustos 2017) STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal 26 60–70.
IEEE B. Kıran Baygın, “STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS”, Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal, sy. 26, ss. 60–70, Ağustos 2017.
ISNAD Kıran Baygın, Burcu. “STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS”. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal 26 (Ağustos 2017), 60-70.
JAMA Kıran Baygın B. STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal. 2017;:60–70.
MLA Kıran Baygın, Burcu. “STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS”. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics E-Journal, sy. 26, 2017, ss. 60-70.
Vancouver Kıran Baygın B. STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AMONG G7 COUNTRIES: AN EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL BREAKS. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal. 2017(26):60-7.