Şoklar Brezilya, Güney Afrika ve Yeni Zelanda’da Kişi Başı Ekolojik Dengeyi Kalıcı Olarak Etkiler mi?

Mehmet Erdoğmuş

doi:10.26650/ekoist.2023.39.1330203

Araştırma Makalesi

Do Shocks Permanently Affect Ecological Balance Per Capita in Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 39, 147 - 160, 27.12.2023

Mehmet Erdoğmuş

https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2023.39.1330203

Öz

The aim of this study is to reveal whether the ecological balance per capita calculated separately for Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand is permanently affected by shocks or not. The analysis period (depending on data availability) covers the period 1961–2022 for all countries examined. The data used in the study are on an annual basis. The ecological balance per capita has been obtained by subtracting the per capita ecological footprint from the per capita biocapacity. In order to make a choice between unit root tests that do not take into account nonlinearity and those that do, the linearity test suggested by Harvey et al. (2008) was first applied. Considering the results of the linearity analysis, the ADF unit root test, the unit root test recommended by Elliott et al. (1996), and the unit root test proposed by Narayan and Popp (2010) were applied to the data of Brazil and the data of New Zealand. For the ecological balance per capita series of South Africa, the unit root test recommended by Kapetanios et al. (2003), the unit root test proposed by Kruse (2011), and the unit root test suggested by Güriş (2019) were applied. According to the findings obtained, it can be said that the shocks to the ecological balance per capita (calculated separately for Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand) have a permanent effect. The study also made important suggestions based on the findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Unit Root Test, Biocapacity, Ecological Footprint, Ecological Balance

Kaynakça

Acaroğlu, H., Kartal, H. M. ve Garcia Marquez, F. P. (2023). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO2 emissions through energy diversification for Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(22), 63289-63304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26278-w google scholar
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Ahmad, F., Draz, M. U., Su, L. ve Rauf, A. (2019). Taking the bad with the good: The nexus between tourism and environmental degradation in the lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 1240-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.138 google scholar
Ajmi, A. N. ve Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2021). Revi siting the Kuznets curve hypothesis for Tunisia: Carbon dioxide vs. ecological footprint. Energy Sources, PartB: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 16(5), 406-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2020.1850923 google scholar
Al-mulali, U. ve Tang, C. F. (2013). Investigating the validity of pollution haven hypothesis in the gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries. Energy Policy, 60, 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.055 google scholar
Alper, A. E. ve Alper, F. Ö. (2021). Persistence of policy shocks to the ecological footprint of MINT countries. Ege Akademik Bakış, 21(4), 427-440. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1015635 google scholar
Aydin, C., Esen, Ö. ve Aydin, R. (2022). Analyzing the economic development-driven ecological deficit in the EU-15 countries: New evidence from PSTR approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(10),15188-15204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16773-3 google scholar
Bektaş, V. ve Ursavaş, N. (2023). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis with globalization for OECD countries: The role of convergence clubs. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(16), 47090-47105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25577-6 google scholar
Bello, M. O., Gil-Alana, L. A. ve Ch’ng, K. S. (2023). Mean reversion and convergence of ecological footprint in the MENA region: Evidence from a fractional integration procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(12), 35384-35397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24678-y google scholar
Bermejo, L., Gil-Alana, L. A. ve Del Rio, M. (2021). Atmospheric pollution in the ten most populated US cities. Evidence of persistence. Heliyon, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08105. google scholar
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Caglar, A. E. ve Mert, M. (2022). Carbon hysteresis hypothesis as a new approach to emission behavior: A case of top five emitters. Gondwana Research, 109, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.05.002. google scholar
Caglar, A. E., Balsalobre-Lorente, D. ve Akin, C. S. (2021). Analysing the ecological footprint in EU-5 countries under a scenario of carbon neutrality: Evidence from newly developed sharp and smooth structural breaks in unit root testing. Journal of Environmental Management, 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113155. google scholar
Chang, S. C. (2015). Threshold effect of foreign direct investment on environmental degradation. Portuguese Economic Journal, 14, 75-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-015-0112-3. google scholar
Chen, Z., Barros, C. P. ve Gil-Alana, L. A. (2016). The persistence of air pollution in four mega-cities of China. Habitat International, 56, 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.05.004. google scholar
Cil, N. (2023). Re-examination of pollution haven hypothesis for Turkey with Fourier approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 10024-10036.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22800-8. google scholar
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Şoklar Brezilya, Güney Afrika ve Yeni Zelanda’da Kişi Başı Ekolojik Dengeyi Kalıcı Olarak Etkiler mi?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 39, 147 - 160, 27.12.2023

Mehmet Erdoğmuş

https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2023.39.1330203

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Brezilya, Güney Afrika ve Yeni Zelanda için ayrı ayrı hesaplanan kişi başı ekolojik dengenin şoklardan kalıcı olarak etkilenip etkilenmediğini ortaya koymaktır. Analiz dönemi incelenen tüm ülkeler için (veri mevcudiyetine bağlı olarak) 1961–2022 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler yıllık bazdadır. Kişi başı ekolojik denge, kişi başı biyolojik kapasiteden kişi başı ekolojik ayak izinin çıkartılmasıyla elde edilmiştir. Doğrusal dışılığı dikkate almayan ve doğrusal dışılığı dikkate alan birim kök testleri arasında bir seçim yapabilmek amacıyla önce Harvey vd. (2008) tarafından önerilen doğrusallık testi uygulanmıştır. Doğrusallık analizinin sonuçları dikkate alınarak çalışmada Brezilya verilerine ve Yeni Zelanda verilerine ADF birim kök testi, Elliott vd. (1996) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi ve Narayan ve Popp (2010) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi uygulanmıştır. Güney Afrika’ya ait kişi başı ekolojik denge serisi için ise Kapetanios vd. (2003) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi, Kruse (2011) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi ve Güriş (2019) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Brezilya, Güney Afrika ve Yeni Zelanda için ayrı ayrı hesaplanan kişi başı ekolojik dengeye yönelik şokların kalıcı etkiye sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Çalışmada ayrıca elde edilen bulgulardan yola çıkarak önemli önerilerde de bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Birim Kök Testi, Biyolojik Kapasite, Ekolojik Ayak İzi, Ekolojik Denge

Kaynakça

Acaroğlu, H., Kartal, H. M. ve Garcia Marquez, F. P. (2023). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO2 emissions through energy diversification for Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(22), 63289-63304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26278-w google scholar
Acheampong, A. O., Opoku, E. E. O. ve Dzator, J. (2022). Does democracy really improve environmental quality? Empirical contribution to the environmental politics debate. Energy Economics, 109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105942 google scholar
Ahmad, F., Draz, M. U., Su, L. ve Rauf, A. (2019). Taking the bad with the good: The nexus between tourism and environmental degradation in the lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 1240-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.138 google scholar
Ajmi, A. N. ve Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2021). Revi siting the Kuznets curve hypothesis for Tunisia: Carbon dioxide vs. ecological footprint. Energy Sources, PartB: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 16(5), 406-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2020.1850923 google scholar
Al-mulali, U. ve Tang, C. F. (2013). Investigating the validity of pollution haven hypothesis in the gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries. Energy Policy, 60, 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.055 google scholar
Alper, A. E. ve Alper, F. Ö. (2021). Persistence of policy shocks to the ecological footprint of MINT countries. Ege Akademik Bakış, 21(4), 427-440. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1015635 google scholar
Aydin, C., Esen, Ö. ve Aydin, R. (2022). Analyzing the economic development-driven ecological deficit in the EU-15 countries: New evidence from PSTR approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(10),15188-15204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16773-3 google scholar
Bektaş, V. ve Ursavaş, N. (2023). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis with globalization for OECD countries: The role of convergence clubs. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(16), 47090-47105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25577-6 google scholar
Bello, M. O., Gil-Alana, L. A. ve Ch’ng, K. S. (2023). Mean reversion and convergence of ecological footprint in the MENA region: Evidence from a fractional integration procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(12), 35384-35397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24678-y google scholar
Bermejo, L., Gil-Alana, L. A. ve Del Rio, M. (2021). Atmospheric pollution in the ten most populated US cities. Evidence of persistence. Heliyon, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08105. google scholar
Borucke, M., Moore, D., Cranston, G., Gracey, K., Iha, K., Larson, J., Lazarus, E., Morales, J. C., Wackernagel, M. ve Galli, A. (2013). Accounting for demand and supply of the biosphere’s regenerative capacity: The national footprint accounts’ underlying methodology and framework. Ecological Indicators, 24, 518-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.08.005. google scholar
Caglar, A. E. ve Mert, M. (2022). Carbon hysteresis hypothesis as a new approach to emission behavior: A case of top five emitters. Gondwana Research, 109, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.05.002. google scholar
Caglar, A. E., Balsalobre-Lorente, D. ve Akin, C. S. (2021). Analysing the ecological footprint in EU-5 countries under a scenario of carbon neutrality: Evidence from newly developed sharp and smooth structural breaks in unit root testing. Journal of Environmental Management, 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113155. google scholar
Chang, S. C. (2015). Threshold effect of foreign direct investment on environmental degradation. Portuguese Economic Journal, 14, 75-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-015-0112-3. google scholar
Chen, Z., Barros, C. P. ve Gil-Alana, L. A. (2016). The persistence of air pollution in four mega-cities of China. Habitat International, 56, 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.05.004. google scholar
Cil, N. (2023). Re-examination of pollution haven hypothesis for Turkey with Fourier approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 10024-10036.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22800-8. google scholar
Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J. ve Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica, 64(4), 813-836. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171846. google scholar
Erdogan, S., Pata, U. K., Solarin, S. A. ve Okumus, I. (2022). On the persistence of shocks to global CO2 emissions: A historical data perspective (0 to 2014). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(51), 77311-77320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21278-8. google scholar
Erdoğmuş, M. (2023). Danimarka ve İsveç için işsizlik histerisi hipotezinin test edilmesi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1244630. google scholar
Esenyel İçen, N. M., İçen, H. ve Uzuner, G. (2022). Evaluation of ecological security for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations-5 countries: New evidence from the RALS unit root test. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 29(4), 705-725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-022-00540-9. google scholar
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Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Ekonometri (Diğer)
Bölüm	ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESI
Yazarlar	Mehmet Erdoğmuş 0000-0001-9700-630X
Yayımlanma Tarihi	27 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	20 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Sayı: 39

Kaynak Göster

APA	Erdoğmuş, M. (2023). Şoklar Brezilya, Güney Afrika ve Yeni Zelanda’da Kişi Başı Ekolojik Dengeyi Kalıcı Olarak Etkiler mi?. EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics(39), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2023.39.1330203

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