Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2023,
Sayı: 2, 190 - 229, 29.12.2023
Öz
Cibuti, yaklaşık bir yüzyıl boyunca Fransa tarafından yönetildikten sonra 1977 yılında bağımsızlığını kazandı. Ancak Cibuti, gerek Fransa ile yapılan askeri anlaşma gerekse bu ülkenin sağladığı ekonomik yardımlar nedeniyle uzun süre Fransız etkisi altında kalmaya devam etti. Üstelik diğer ülkelerle ilişki kurarken daha mesafeli davranması gerekti. Bununla birlikte 1999 yılında iktidara gelen Omar Guelleh liderliğinde diplomatik ilişkilerde çoktaraflılık ilkesinin benimsenmesiyle dış politikada yeni bir sürece girildi. Fransa’nın yanında ABD, Çin ve Rusya gibi büyük güçler için bir çekim merkezine dönüşen Cibuti, bu ülkelerle farklı alanlarda iş birlikleri yapmaya başladı. Bu çalışma, Cibuti’nin jeopolitik konumunun bu büyük güçlerle ilişkilerini belirleyen ve bu ülkeleri Cibuti ile iş birliği yapmaya sevk eden ana faktör olduğuna dikkat çekmektedir. Ayrıca Cibuti’nin jeopolitik konumunu kalkınma stratejisinin bir aracına dönüştürdüğü gözlenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Afrika Boynuzu Cibuti Enerji Güvenliği Küresel Güçler Küresel Rekabet
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışmada, 24-27 Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında Hitit Üniversitesi tarafından düzenlenen I. Uluslararası Hitit Güvenlik Çalışmaları Kongresi’nde sunulan “Afrika Boynuzu’nun Yükselen Yıldızı Cibuti’de Artan Küresel Rekabetin Analizi” başlıklı bildiriden yararlanılmıştır. Bildirinin sadece özeti yayımlanmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Abdallah, Abdo A. 2008. “State Building, Independence and Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Djibouti”. In Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in the Horn of Africa: A Report of the 6th Annual Conference on the Horn of Africa’, ed. Ulf Johansson Dahre, 269-281. Sweden.
- Addis Ababa – Djibouti Railway. 2020. “Global Infrastructure Hub.” Access date: 03.11.2023. https://www.gihub.org/connectivity-across-borders/case-studies/addis-ababa-djibouti-railway/
- Africa News. 2017. “Djibouti opens $590m world class mega port co-funded by China.” May 25, 2017. https://www.africanews.com/2017/05/25/djibouti-opens-590m-world-class-mega-port-co-funded-by-china/
- BBC. 2015. “Les militaires étrangers à Djibouti.” June 15, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region/2015/06/150619_djibouti_bases
- Çalışkan, Göktuğ. 2021. “The only place in the world China has a military base: Djibouti.” ANKASAM, October 22, 2021. https://www.ankasam.org/the-only-place-in-the-world-china-has-a-military-base-djibouti-v/?lang=en
- Chaziza, Mordechai. 2021. “China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti.” The Diplomat, January 26, 2021. https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/china-consolidates-its-commercial-foothold-in-djibouti/#:~:text=In%202017%2C%20China%20established%20a,era%20in%20China-Djibouti%20relations China Daily. 2017. “China, Djibouti agree to establish strategic partnership.” November 23, 2017. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-11/23/content_34905168.htm
- CIA. n.d. “French Somaliland.” Access date: 10.10.2022 https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/cıa-rdp84-00825r000100050001-0.pdf
- Darras, Rémy. 2021. “Reportage: le port géant de Djibouti officiellement inauguré.” Jeune Afrique, May 25, 2021. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/441982/economie/nouveau-port-polyvalent-de-doraleh-djibouti-veut-devenir-shenzen-de-lafrique-de-lest/
- Downs, Erica, Becker, Jeffrey & de Gategno, Patrick. 2017. “China’s Military Support Facility in Djibouti: The Economic and Security Dimensions of China’s First Overseas Base.” CAN, July 2017. https://www.cna.org/archive/CNA_Files/pdf/dim-2017-u-015308-final2.pdf
- Elmahly, Hend & Sun, Degang. 2018. “China’s Military Diplomacy towards Arab Countries in Africa’s Peace and Security: The Case of Djibouti”, Contemporary Arab Affairs 11 (4): 111-134, https://Online.Ucpress.Edu/Caa/Article-Abstract/11/4/111/25795/China-S-Military-Diplomacy-Towards-Arab-Countries?Redirectedfrom=Fulltext
- Fellah Trade. n.d. “Djibouti: Le contexte économique. ” Access date: 12.10.2022. https://www.fellah-trade.com/fr/export/carte-atlas/djibouti/economie
- Great Power. Oxford Reference. Access date: 30.11.2023 https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095905559
- Idle, Djama Omar & Lasserre, Frédéric. 2021. Lasserre, ‘Chine-Djibouti: L’émergence de relations multidimensionnelles.” Études du CQEG de L’Université Laval. Access date: 10.10.2022 https://corpus.ulaval.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/6695d277-8af9-481f-ae42-b89b798d14d5/content
- Ismail, Yacqub. 2019. “France’s Strategic Footprint in East Africa.” International Policy Digest, June 4, 2019. https://intpolicydigest.org/france-s-strategic-footprint-in-east-africa/
- Jincui, Yu. 2019. “The truth behind China’s presence in Djibouti.” Global Times. Access date: 12.10.2022 https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1135256.shtml
- Jingjing, Huang. 2016. “China’s logistic hub in Djibouti to stabilize region, protect interests.” Global Times. Access date: 03.11.2023. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/973900.shtml
- Kelly, Tom. 2015. “Good Things Come in Small Packages: The US-Djiboutian Security Partnership, Council of Ambassadors.” Access date: 03.11.2023. https://www.americanambassadors.org/publications/ambassadors-review/fall-2015/good-things-come-in-small-packages-the-us-djiboutian-security-partnership
- Klomegah, Kester Kenn. 2021. “Russia’s Interest in Djibouti.” Horn Observer, June 12, 2021. https://hornobserver.com/articles/1050/Russias-Interest-in-Djibouti
- Klyszcz, Ivan Ulises Kentros. 2020. “Russia’s Thwarted Return to the Red Sea.” OrientXX, November 10, 2020. https://orientxxi.info/magazine/russia-s-thwarted-return-to-the-red-sea,4283
- Lasserre, Isabelle. 2011. “La France consolide sa présence à Djibouti.” Le Figaro, December 22, 2011. https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/12/22/01003-20111222ARTFIG00260-la-france-consolide-sa-presence-a-djibouti.php
- Le Gouriellec, Sonia. 2016. “Djibouti dans le jeu international.” Esprit, (Oct 2016) Access date: 12.10.2022. https://www.cairn.info/revue-esprit-2016-10-page-13.htm
- Le Gouriellec, Sonia. 2018. “Les forces françaises stationnées À Djibouti au coeur d’un environnement stratégique régional en mutation.” Les Champs de Mars 30 (2018/1).
- Le Monde. 2017. “A Djibouti, la France doit sortir d’une vision uniquement sécuritaire.” February 17, 2017. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/02/17/a-djibouti-la-france-doit-sortir-d-une-vision-uniquement-securitaire_5081319_3212.html
- Le Point. 2021. “Djibouti Veut Renforcer Son Partenariat Avec La France.” February 12, 2021. https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/djibouti-veut-renforcer-son-partenariat-avec-la-france-12-02-2021-2413693_3826.php
- Leboeuf, Aline. 2019. “La compétition stratégique en Afrique: approches militaires américaine, chinoise et russe.” Focus stratégique de L’IFRI, Access date: 10.10.2022 https://www.ifri.org/fr/publications/etudes-de-lifri/focusstrategique/competition-strategique-afrique-approchesmilitaires
- Marks, Thomas. A. 1974. “Djibouti: France’s Strategic Toehold in Africa.” African Affairs 73 (290): 95-104. http://www.jstor.org/stable/720984
- Melvin, Neil John. 2019. “The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region.” SIPRI Background Paper, April 2019. https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/sipribp1904.pdf Ministère des Armées. n.d. “Ffdj: Le Président De La République Accueilli Sur La Base Aérienne 188 À Djibouti.” Access date: 10.10.2022 https://www.defense.gouv.fr/english/operations/afrique/afrique-de-l-est/forces-francaises-stationnees-a-djibouti/breves/ffdj-le-president-de-la-republique-accueilli-sur-la-base-aerienne-188-a-djibouti
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. n.d. “Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between The People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Djibouti.” Access date: 10.10.2022 https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/200204/t20020425_679057.html
- Oladipo, Tomi. 2015. “Why are there so many military bases in Djibouti?” BBC, June 16, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33115502
- Prunier, Gérard. 2020. “Le paradoxe de Djibouti.” Le Monde Diplomatique, July 2020. https://www.mondediplomatique.fr/2020/07/PRUNIER/61959
- Semo, Marc. 2019. “Emmanuel-Macron en visite à Djibouti ou l’influence de la France recule face à la Chine.” Le Monde, March 12, 2019. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/12/em manuel-macron-en-visite-a-djibouti-ou-l-influence-de-lafrance-recule-face-a-la-chine_5434898_3212.html
- Stratfor. 2017. “For Djibouti, It’s All About Location.” June 16, 2017. https://worldview.atratfor.Com/article/djibouti-İts-All-About-Location
- Sun, Degan & Zoubir, Yahia. 2011. “Sentry Box in The Backyard: Analysis of French Military Bases in Africa.” Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 5 (3): 82-104.
- T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. 2023. “Cibuti Ülke Profili.” Erişim: 27.07.2023 https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b885d7aaf23be7c5c10c652/CİBUTİ%20ülke%20profili%202023%20Temmuz.pdf
- Taher, Naguib Ali. 2015. “Djibouti: Les raisons d’espérer.” Jeune Afrique, November 27, 2015. www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/278906/politique/djiboutiles-raisons-desperer/
- U.S. Census Bureau. 2023. “Trade in Goods with Djibouti.” Access date: 05.11.2023 https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c7770.html
- U.S. Department of State. 2022. “U.S. Relations With Djibouti.” March 18, 2022. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-djibouti/
- U.S. Trade Office. n.d. “Djibouti.” Access date: 10.10.2022. https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/djibouti
- Vision Djibouti 2035. 2014. “Republic of Djibouti.” Access date: 12.10.2022. https://djiboutiembassykuwait.net/assets/files/djibouti-2035-en.pdf
Yıl 2023,
Sayı: 2, 190 - 229, 29.12.2023
Öz
Djibouti gained independence in 1977 after being ruled by France for nearly a century. However, Djibouti remained under French influence for a long time due to both the military agreement with France and the economic aid provided by this country. Moreover, it had to act more distant when establishing relations with other countries. However, under the leadership of Omar Guelleh, who came to power in 1999, a new process was entered in foreign policy with the adoption of the principle of multilateralism in diplomatic relations. Djibouti, which has become a center of attraction for great powers such as the USA, China and Russia, as well as France, has started to cooperate with these countries in different fields. This study points out that Djibouti’s geopolitical position is the main factor that determines its relations with these great powers and prompts these countries to cooperate with Djibouti. It is also observed that Djibouti has turned its geopolitical position into a tool of its development strategy.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Horn of Africa Djibouti Energy Security Global Powers Global Competition
Kaynakça
- Abdallah, Abdo A. 2008. “State Building, Independence and Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Djibouti”. In Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in the Horn of Africa: A Report of the 6th Annual Conference on the Horn of Africa’, ed. Ulf Johansson Dahre, 269-281. Sweden.
- Addis Ababa – Djibouti Railway. 2020. “Global Infrastructure Hub.” Access date: 03.11.2023. https://www.gihub.org/connectivity-across-borders/case-studies/addis-ababa-djibouti-railway/
- Africa News. 2017. “Djibouti opens $590m world class mega port co-funded by China.” May 25, 2017. https://www.africanews.com/2017/05/25/djibouti-opens-590m-world-class-mega-port-co-funded-by-china/
- BBC. 2015. “Les militaires étrangers à Djibouti.” June 15, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region/2015/06/150619_djibouti_bases
- Çalışkan, Göktuğ. 2021. “The only place in the world China has a military base: Djibouti.” ANKASAM, October 22, 2021. https://www.ankasam.org/the-only-place-in-the-world-china-has-a-military-base-djibouti-v/?lang=en
- Chaziza, Mordechai. 2021. “China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti.” The Diplomat, January 26, 2021. https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/china-consolidates-its-commercial-foothold-in-djibouti/#:~:text=In%202017%2C%20China%20established%20a,era%20in%20China-Djibouti%20relations China Daily. 2017. “China, Djibouti agree to establish strategic partnership.” November 23, 2017. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-11/23/content_34905168.htm
- CIA. n.d. “French Somaliland.” Access date: 10.10.2022 https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/cıa-rdp84-00825r000100050001-0.pdf
- Darras, Rémy. 2021. “Reportage: le port géant de Djibouti officiellement inauguré.” Jeune Afrique, May 25, 2021. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/441982/economie/nouveau-port-polyvalent-de-doraleh-djibouti-veut-devenir-shenzen-de-lafrique-de-lest/
- Downs, Erica, Becker, Jeffrey & de Gategno, Patrick. 2017. “China’s Military Support Facility in Djibouti: The Economic and Security Dimensions of China’s First Overseas Base.” CAN, July 2017. https://www.cna.org/archive/CNA_Files/pdf/dim-2017-u-015308-final2.pdf
- Elmahly, Hend & Sun, Degang. 2018. “China’s Military Diplomacy towards Arab Countries in Africa’s Peace and Security: The Case of Djibouti”, Contemporary Arab Affairs 11 (4): 111-134, https://Online.Ucpress.Edu/Caa/Article-Abstract/11/4/111/25795/China-S-Military-Diplomacy-Towards-Arab-Countries?Redirectedfrom=Fulltext
- Fellah Trade. n.d. “Djibouti: Le contexte économique. ” Access date: 12.10.2022. https://www.fellah-trade.com/fr/export/carte-atlas/djibouti/economie
- Great Power. Oxford Reference. Access date: 30.11.2023 https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095905559
- Idle, Djama Omar & Lasserre, Frédéric. 2021. Lasserre, ‘Chine-Djibouti: L’émergence de relations multidimensionnelles.” Études du CQEG de L’Université Laval. Access date: 10.10.2022 https://corpus.ulaval.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/6695d277-8af9-481f-ae42-b89b798d14d5/content
- Ismail, Yacqub. 2019. “France’s Strategic Footprint in East Africa.” International Policy Digest, June 4, 2019. https://intpolicydigest.org/france-s-strategic-footprint-in-east-africa/
- Jincui, Yu. 2019. “The truth behind China’s presence in Djibouti.” Global Times. Access date: 12.10.2022 https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1135256.shtml
- Jingjing, Huang. 2016. “China’s logistic hub in Djibouti to stabilize region, protect interests.” Global Times. Access date: 03.11.2023. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/973900.shtml
- Kelly, Tom. 2015. “Good Things Come in Small Packages: The US-Djiboutian Security Partnership, Council of Ambassadors.” Access date: 03.11.2023. https://www.americanambassadors.org/publications/ambassadors-review/fall-2015/good-things-come-in-small-packages-the-us-djiboutian-security-partnership
- Klomegah, Kester Kenn. 2021. “Russia’s Interest in Djibouti.” Horn Observer, June 12, 2021. https://hornobserver.com/articles/1050/Russias-Interest-in-Djibouti
- Klyszcz, Ivan Ulises Kentros. 2020. “Russia’s Thwarted Return to the Red Sea.” OrientXX, November 10, 2020. https://orientxxi.info/magazine/russia-s-thwarted-return-to-the-red-sea,4283
- Lasserre, Isabelle. 2011. “La France consolide sa présence à Djibouti.” Le Figaro, December 22, 2011. https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/12/22/01003-20111222ARTFIG00260-la-france-consolide-sa-presence-a-djibouti.php
- Le Gouriellec, Sonia. 2016. “Djibouti dans le jeu international.” Esprit, (Oct 2016) Access date: 12.10.2022. https://www.cairn.info/revue-esprit-2016-10-page-13.htm
- Le Gouriellec, Sonia. 2018. “Les forces françaises stationnées À Djibouti au coeur d’un environnement stratégique régional en mutation.” Les Champs de Mars 30 (2018/1).
- Le Monde. 2017. “A Djibouti, la France doit sortir d’une vision uniquement sécuritaire.” February 17, 2017. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/02/17/a-djibouti-la-france-doit-sortir-d-une-vision-uniquement-securitaire_5081319_3212.html
- Le Point. 2021. “Djibouti Veut Renforcer Son Partenariat Avec La France.” February 12, 2021. https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/djibouti-veut-renforcer-son-partenariat-avec-la-france-12-02-2021-2413693_3826.php
- Leboeuf, Aline. 2019. “La compétition stratégique en Afrique: approches militaires américaine, chinoise et russe.” Focus stratégique de L’IFRI, Access date: 10.10.2022 https://www.ifri.org/fr/publications/etudes-de-lifri/focusstrategique/competition-strategique-afrique-approchesmilitaires
- Marks, Thomas. A. 1974. “Djibouti: France’s Strategic Toehold in Africa.” African Affairs 73 (290): 95-104. http://www.jstor.org/stable/720984
- Melvin, Neil John. 2019. “The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region.” SIPRI Background Paper, April 2019. https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/sipribp1904.pdf Ministère des Armées. n.d. “Ffdj: Le Président De La République Accueilli Sur La Base Aérienne 188 À Djibouti.” Access date: 10.10.2022 https://www.defense.gouv.fr/english/operations/afrique/afrique-de-l-est/forces-francaises-stationnees-a-djibouti/breves/ffdj-le-president-de-la-republique-accueilli-sur-la-base-aerienne-188-a-djibouti
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. n.d. “Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between The People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Djibouti.” Access date: 10.10.2022 https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/200204/t20020425_679057.html
- Oladipo, Tomi. 2015. “Why are there so many military bases in Djibouti?” BBC, June 16, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33115502
- Prunier, Gérard. 2020. “Le paradoxe de Djibouti.” Le Monde Diplomatique, July 2020. https://www.mondediplomatique.fr/2020/07/PRUNIER/61959
- Semo, Marc. 2019. “Emmanuel-Macron en visite à Djibouti ou l’influence de la France recule face à la Chine.” Le Monde, March 12, 2019. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/12/em manuel-macron-en-visite-a-djibouti-ou-l-influence-de-lafrance-recule-face-a-la-chine_5434898_3212.html
- Stratfor. 2017. “For Djibouti, It’s All About Location.” June 16, 2017. https://worldview.atratfor.Com/article/djibouti-İts-All-About-Location
- Sun, Degan & Zoubir, Yahia. 2011. “Sentry Box in The Backyard: Analysis of French Military Bases in Africa.” Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 5 (3): 82-104.
- T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. 2023. “Cibuti Ülke Profili.” Erişim: 27.07.2023 https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b885d7aaf23be7c5c10c652/CİBUTİ%20ülke%20profili%202023%20Temmuz.pdf
- Taher, Naguib Ali. 2015. “Djibouti: Les raisons d’espérer.” Jeune Afrique, November 27, 2015. www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/278906/politique/djiboutiles-raisons-desperer/
- U.S. Census Bureau. 2023. “Trade in Goods with Djibouti.” Access date: 05.11.2023 https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c7770.html
- U.S. Department of State. 2022. “U.S. Relations With Djibouti.” March 18, 2022. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-djibouti/
- U.S. Trade Office. n.d. “Djibouti.” Access date: 10.10.2022. https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/djibouti
- Vision Djibouti 2035. 2014. “Republic of Djibouti.” Access date: 12.10.2022. https://djiboutiembassykuwait.net/assets/files/djibouti-2035-en.pdf
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Afrika Çalışmaları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Sayı: 2 |
Diplomasi ve Strateji Çalışmaları Derneği kurumsal yayınıdır.