Labor Market Reflections Of Covıd-19 Pandemic: A Global Investigation Specific To Income Groups And Vulnerable Workers
Öz
The Covid 19 pandemic, which started in Wuhan, China in November 2019 and then spread rapidly all over the world, caused the death of millions of people, stagnation in the global economy, and created a rare economic conjuncture by creating both demand and supply shocks. The pandemic has affected world economies and deeply affected the labor markets on a global scale. Production in many sectors has decreased significantly, and in some sectors it has come to a standstill. As a result, unemployment rates and employment losses have increased and employment patterns have changed. Main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the pandemic on labour markets around the world in terms of both income groups and vulnerable labour based on the extensive literature and ILO&IMF database. According to the findings, the macroeconomic structures of the countries have differentiated their levels of being affected by the crisis, while unemployment and employment losses were felt sharply in middle and low-income countries. Moreover, impacts of the pandemic on disadvantaged groups have been harsh, women, youth, migrant and child labor have been affected in different ways by the pandemic. Due to the pandemic, women had difficulty in staying in the labor market, young people were left out of the labor market and NEET rates increased, migrant workers also experienced significant employment losses, the pandemic has also increased child labor globally.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Covid-19 pandemic Labor markets unemployment vulnerable workers
Kaynakça
- Barford, A., Coutts, A. and Sahai, G. (2021). Youth employment in times of COVID, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_823751.pdf
- Edmonds, E. V. (2006). Child labor and schooling responses to anticipated ıncome in South Africa, Journal of Development Economics, 81 (2), pp. 386–414.
- Edmonds, E. V., and Schady, N. (2012). Poverty alleviation and child labor, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4 (4), pp. 100–124.
- Idrıs, I. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on child labour in South Asia, GSDRC Publications https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15448/819_Impact_of_COVID-19_on_Child_Labour_in_South%20Asia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- ILO, (2022). World employment and social outlook, trends 2022. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_834081.pdf
- ILO, (2021a). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Eighth edition Updated estimates and analysis, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_824092.pdf
- ILO, (2021b). Policy brief: Building forward fairer: Women’s rights to work and at work at the core of the COVID-19 recovery, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_814499.pdf
- ILO, (2021c). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Seventh edition Updated estimates and analysis, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf
- ILO, (2021d). From potential to practice: Preliminary findings on the numbers of workers working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/briefingnote/wcms_777896.pdf
- ILO&UNICEF, (2021). Child labour, global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf
- ILO, (2020a). A policy framework for tackling the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 crisis, Policy Brief, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_745337.pdf
- ILO, (2020b). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Third edition Updated estimates and analysis, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743146.pdf
- ILO, (2020c). COVID-19 crisis and the informal economy, immediate responses and policy challenges, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743623.pdf
- ILO, (2020d). Covid 19 and child labour: A time of crisis, a time to act, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm /---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_747421.pdf
- ILO, (2020e). Women health workers: Working relentlessly in hospitals and at home International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_741060/lang--en/index.htm#:~:text=in%20the%20workplace-,Women%20health%20workers%3A%20Working%20relentlessly%20in%20hospitals%20and%20at%20home,the%20fight%20against%20COVID%2D19.
- ILOSTAT, (2022). Data Catalogue https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
- ILOSTAT, (2023). ILOSTAT Explorer https://www.ilo.org/shinyapps/bulkexplorer39/?lang=en&id=SDG_0861_SEX_RT_A
- IMF, (2022). Fiscal monitor database of country fiscal measures in response to the covid-19 pandemic https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Fiscal-Policies-Database-in-Response-to-COVID-19
- ITU, (2022). International telecommunication union, ‘statistics’, ITU, Geneva (Access date: 27/02/2022) https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx
- Jones, K., Mudaliar, S., Piper, N. (2021). Locked down and in limbo: The global impact of COVID-19 on migrant worker rights and recruitment, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/publication/wcms_821985.pdf
- Koh, D. (2020). Migrant workers and COVID-19. https://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/77/9/634.full.pdf
- OECD, (2022). Teleworking in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trends and Prospects https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=1108_1108540-p249kho0iu&title=Teleworking-in-the-COVID-19-pandemic-Trends-and-prospects
- OWID, (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
- Pamuk, Ş. (2007). The black death and the origins of the ‘Great Divergence’ across Europe, 1300–1600, European Review of Economic History, 11, 289–317. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41378468
- UN, (2020). How Covid-19 is Changing The World: A Statistical Perspective, Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities, UNCTAD.
- UNICEF, (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of adolescents and youth https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/impact-covid-19-mental-health-adolescents-and-youth
Covid-19 Pandemisinin İşgücü Piyasalarına Yansımaları: Gelir Grupları ve Kırılgan İşgücü Özelinde Bir İrdeleme
Öz
Kasım 2019'da Çin'in Wuhan kentinde başlayan ve daha sonra hızla tüm dünyaya yayılan Covid 19 pandemisi, milyonlarca insanın ölümüne ve küresel ekonomide durgunluğa neden olmuş, hem talep hem de arz şokları yaratarak nadir görülecek bir ekonomik konjonktür oluşturmuştur. Pandemi dünya ekonomilerini ve küresel ölçekte işgücü piyasalarını derinden etkilemiştir. Pek çok sektörde üretim önemli ölçüde azalmış, kimi sektörlerde durma noktasına gelmiştir. Bunun sonucunda, işsizlik oranları ve istihdam kayıpları artmış, istihdam örüntüleri değişmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, kapsamlı literatüre ve ILO&IMF veritabanına dayanarak pandeminin dünyada işgücü piyasaları üzerindeki etkilerini hem gelir grupları hem de kırılgan işgücü detayında araştırmaktır. Bulgulara göre, ülkelerin makroekonomik yapıları sözkonusu krizden etkilenme düzeylerini farklılaşırmış, orta ve düşük gelirli ülkelerde işsizlik ve istihdam kayıpları keskinleşmiştir. Ayrıca pandeminin dezavantajlı gruplar üzerindeki etkileri sert olmuş, kadın, genç, göçmen ve çocuk emeği pandemiden farklı şekillerde etkilenmiştir. Pandemi nedeniyle kadınlar işgücü piyasasında kalmakta zorlanmış, gençler işgücü piyasasının dışına itilmiş, NEET oranları artmış, göçmen işçiler önemli istihdam kayıplarına uğramıştır, pandemi küresel düzeyde çocuk işçiliğini de artırmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Covid-19 pandemisi İşgücü piyasaları, İşsizlik Kırılgan işgücü
Kaynakça
- Barford, A., Coutts, A. and Sahai, G. (2021). Youth employment in times of COVID, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_823751.pdf
- Edmonds, E. V. (2006). Child labor and schooling responses to anticipated ıncome in South Africa, Journal of Development Economics, 81 (2), pp. 386–414.
- Edmonds, E. V., and Schady, N. (2012). Poverty alleviation and child labor, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4 (4), pp. 100–124.
- Idrıs, I. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on child labour in South Asia, GSDRC Publications https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15448/819_Impact_of_COVID-19_on_Child_Labour_in_South%20Asia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- ILO, (2022). World employment and social outlook, trends 2022. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_834081.pdf
- ILO, (2021a). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Eighth edition Updated estimates and analysis, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_824092.pdf
- ILO, (2021b). Policy brief: Building forward fairer: Women’s rights to work and at work at the core of the COVID-19 recovery, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_814499.pdf
- ILO, (2021c). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Seventh edition Updated estimates and analysis, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf
- ILO, (2021d). From potential to practice: Preliminary findings on the numbers of workers working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/briefingnote/wcms_777896.pdf
- ILO&UNICEF, (2021). Child labour, global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf
- ILO, (2020a). A policy framework for tackling the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 crisis, Policy Brief, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_745337.pdf
- ILO, (2020b). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Third edition Updated estimates and analysis, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743146.pdf
- ILO, (2020c). COVID-19 crisis and the informal economy, immediate responses and policy challenges, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743623.pdf
- ILO, (2020d). Covid 19 and child labour: A time of crisis, a time to act, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm /---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_747421.pdf
- ILO, (2020e). Women health workers: Working relentlessly in hospitals and at home International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_741060/lang--en/index.htm#:~:text=in%20the%20workplace-,Women%20health%20workers%3A%20Working%20relentlessly%20in%20hospitals%20and%20at%20home,the%20fight%20against%20COVID%2D19.
- ILOSTAT, (2022). Data Catalogue https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
- ILOSTAT, (2023). ILOSTAT Explorer https://www.ilo.org/shinyapps/bulkexplorer39/?lang=en&id=SDG_0861_SEX_RT_A
- IMF, (2022). Fiscal monitor database of country fiscal measures in response to the covid-19 pandemic https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Fiscal-Policies-Database-in-Response-to-COVID-19
- ITU, (2022). International telecommunication union, ‘statistics’, ITU, Geneva (Access date: 27/02/2022) https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx
- Jones, K., Mudaliar, S., Piper, N. (2021). Locked down and in limbo: The global impact of COVID-19 on migrant worker rights and recruitment, International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/publication/wcms_821985.pdf
- Koh, D. (2020). Migrant workers and COVID-19. https://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/77/9/634.full.pdf
- OECD, (2022). Teleworking in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trends and Prospects https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=1108_1108540-p249kho0iu&title=Teleworking-in-the-COVID-19-pandemic-Trends-and-prospects
- OWID, (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
- Pamuk, Ş. (2007). The black death and the origins of the ‘Great Divergence’ across Europe, 1300–1600, European Review of Economic History, 11, 289–317. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41378468
- UN, (2020). How Covid-19 is Changing The World: A Statistical Perspective, Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities, UNCTAD.
- UNICEF, (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of adolescents and youth https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/impact-covid-19-mental-health-adolescents-and-youth
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Çalışma Ekonomisi |
| Bölüm | Ana Bölüm |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 7 Nisan 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 22 Nisan 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 5 Kasım 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 16 Mart 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1 |
