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HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 76 - 86, 09.08.2022

Abstract

Objective: To examine the sleep quality of children aged 6-18 years who stayed at home for an extended period during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in Turkey as a descriptive study with the participation of 412 mothers with children aged 6-18 years who agreed to participate. The data were collected on the internet through a questionnaire developed by the researchers using the “Google Docs” program.
Results: Of the children in the study, 51.7% were girls and their mean age was 9.86±3.21 years. Of the children, 61.7% stated that they were afraid of having COVID-19. In the study, it was determined that 63 children (17.5%) who did not have sleep problems before started to have sleep problems during this period. It was found that the rate of sleep problems in children who expressed fear and concern about the COVID-19 pandemic was higher than in children who did not have such concerns (χ2=15.874; p<0.001). When the change in sleep problems experienced by children during the COVID-19 pandemic was compared with the pre-pandemic period, it was found that there was a statistically significant increase in the rates of difficulty in falling asleep (p<0.001), waking up frequently at night (p=0.002), not being able to wake up in the morning (p<0.001), not wanting to sleep alone (p=0.005), not wanting to sleep in the dark (p=0.005), and sleeping in the parents' bed (p=0.001).
Conclusion: It was found that children's sleep patterns changed and the rate of sleep problems increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this period, it is important for pediatric nurses to provide counseling and guidance to children and parents about reducing and preventing sleep-related problems, and to inform them about the guides published by relevant organizations.

References

  • 1. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov [Accessed 18 April 2020].
  • 2. Ministry of Health, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health General Directorate of Public Health. COVID-19 (guideline for SARS-CoV-2 infection), 14 April 2020, Ankara. Available from: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf?type=file [Accessed 18 April 2020].
  • 3. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. Measures taken in the field of education against coronavirus, 12.03.2020. Available from: http://www.meb.gov.tr/bakan-selcuk-koronaviruse-karsi-egitim-alaninda-alinan-tedbirleri-acikladi/haber/20497/tr [Accessed 14 April 2020].
  • 4. Di Giorgio E, Di Riso D, Mioni G, Cellini N. The interplay between mothers’ and children behavioral and psychological factors during COVID-19: an Italian study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1401–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01631-3
  • 5. Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang, F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet 2020; 395.10228:945-947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
  • 6. Liu Z, Tang H, Jin Q, et al. Sleep of preschoolers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. J. Sleep Res. 2021; 30:e13142. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13142
  • 7. Lim MTC, Ramamurthy MB, Aishworiya R, et al. School closure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic–Impact on children's sleep. Sleep Medicine 2021; 78:108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.025
  • 8. Öztürk, G. The validity and reliability of pediatric cancer quality of life đnventorty in 7- 18 years old children. Gazi Universty, Graduate School of Educatıonal Sciences, Master Thesis. 2008.
  • 9. Becker SP, Gregory AM. Editorial Perspective: Perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2020; 61(7):757–759. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13278
  • 10. Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. J. Sleep Res. 2020; 29(4):e13052. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13052
  • 11. Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, et al. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. J Pediatr 2020; 221:264-266.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
  • 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Demographic Trends of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the US reported to CDC. Data as of: Wednesday, May 26, 2021. Available from: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographics [Accessed 27 May 2021].
  • 13. Idoiaga N, Berasategi N, Eiguren A, Picaza M. Exploring children’s social and emotional representations of the Covid-19 pandemic. Front. Psychol. 2020; 11:1952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952
  • 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Helping Children Cope. July 1, 2020 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/for-parents.html [Accessed 28 May 2021].
  • 15. Cellini N, Di Giorgio E, Mioni G, Di Riso D. Sleep and psychological difficulties in italian school-age children during COVID-19 lockdown. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2021; 46(2):153-167. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab003
  • 16. Orgilés M, Morales A, Delvecchio E, Mazzeschi C, Espada JP. Immediate psychological effects of the COVID-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain. Front. Psychol. 2020; 11:579038. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579038
  • 17. Casagrande M, Favieri F, Tambelli R, Forte G. The enemy who sealed the world: Effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Medicine 2020; 75:12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.011
  • 18. Dellagiulia A, Lionetti F, Fasolo M, Verderame C, Sperati A, Alessandri G. Early impact of COVID-19 lockdown on children’s sleep: a 4-week longitudinal study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020; 16(9):1639–1640. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8648
  • 19. Vignatelli L, Billiard M, Clarenbach P, et al. EFNS guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in sleep. Eur. J. Neurol. 2006; 13:1049-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01410.x
  • 20. Bruni O, Malorgio E, Doria M, et al. Changes in sleep patterns and disturbances in children and adolescents in Italy during the Covid-19 outbreak. Sleep Medicine 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.003 (forthcoming).
  • 21. Yurteri N, Sarigedik E. Evaluation of the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep habits and quality of life in children. Ann. Med. Res. 2021; 28(1):186-192. doi: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2020.11.1116
  • 22. Pisano L, Galimi D, Cerniglia L. A qualitative report on exploratory data on the possible emotional/behavioral correlates of Covid-19 lockdown in 4-10 years children in Italy. PsyArXiv 2020; https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/stwbn (forthcoming).
  • 23. Shinomiya Y, Yoshizaki A, Murata E, Fujisawa, TX, Taniike M, Mohri I. Sleep and the General Behavior of Infants and Parents during the Closure of Schools as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison with 2019 Data. Children. 2021; 8(2):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020168
  • 24. Eyuboglu TS, Aslan AT, Gursoy TR, et al. Sleep disturbances in children with cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia and typically developing children during COVID‐19 pandemic. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57:1605-1611. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15553

COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ 6-18 YAŞ ARASINDAKİ ÇOCUKLARIN UYKUSUNU NASIL ETKİLEDİ?

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 76 - 86, 09.08.2022

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the sleep quality of children aged 6-18 years who stayed at home for an
extended period during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in Turkey as a descriptive study with the participation of 412
mothers with children aged 6-18 years who agreed to participate. The data were collected on the internet through a
questionnaire developed by the researchers using the “Google Docs” program.
Results: Of the children in the study, 51.7% were girls and their mean age was 9.86±3.21 years. Of the children, 61.7%
stated that they were afraid of having COVID-19. In the study, it was determined that 63 children (17.5%) who did not
have sleep problems before started to have sleep problems during this period. It was found that the rate of sleep problems in
children who expressed fear and concern about the COVID-19 pandemic was higher than in children who did not have such
concerns (χ2=15.874; p<0.001). When the change in sleep problems experienced by children during the COVID-19
pandemic was compared with the pre-pandemic period, it was found that there was a statistically significant increase in the
rates of difficulty in falling asleep (p<0.001), waking up frequently at night (p=0.002), not being able to wake up in the
morning (p<0.001), not wanting to sleep alone (p=0.005), not wanting to sleep in the dark (p=0.005), and sleeping in the
parents' bed (p=0.001).
Conclusion: It was found that children's sleep patterns changed and the rate of sleep problems increased during the
COVID-19 pandemic. In this period, it is important for pediatric nurses to provide counseling and guidance to children and
parents about reducing and preventing sleep-related problems, and to inform them about the guides published by relevant
organizations.
Keywords: Child, Child health, COVID-19, Pandemic, Sleep 

References

  • 1. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov [Accessed 18 April 2020].
  • 2. Ministry of Health, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health General Directorate of Public Health. COVID-19 (guideline for SARS-CoV-2 infection), 14 April 2020, Ankara. Available from: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf?type=file [Accessed 18 April 2020].
  • 3. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. Measures taken in the field of education against coronavirus, 12.03.2020. Available from: http://www.meb.gov.tr/bakan-selcuk-koronaviruse-karsi-egitim-alaninda-alinan-tedbirleri-acikladi/haber/20497/tr [Accessed 14 April 2020].
  • 4. Di Giorgio E, Di Riso D, Mioni G, Cellini N. The interplay between mothers’ and children behavioral and psychological factors during COVID-19: an Italian study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1401–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01631-3
  • 5. Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang, F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet 2020; 395.10228:945-947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
  • 6. Liu Z, Tang H, Jin Q, et al. Sleep of preschoolers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. J. Sleep Res. 2021; 30:e13142. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13142
  • 7. Lim MTC, Ramamurthy MB, Aishworiya R, et al. School closure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic–Impact on children's sleep. Sleep Medicine 2021; 78:108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.025
  • 8. Öztürk, G. The validity and reliability of pediatric cancer quality of life đnventorty in 7- 18 years old children. Gazi Universty, Graduate School of Educatıonal Sciences, Master Thesis. 2008.
  • 9. Becker SP, Gregory AM. Editorial Perspective: Perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2020; 61(7):757–759. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13278
  • 10. Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. J. Sleep Res. 2020; 29(4):e13052. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13052
  • 11. Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, et al. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. J Pediatr 2020; 221:264-266.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
  • 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Demographic Trends of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the US reported to CDC. Data as of: Wednesday, May 26, 2021. Available from: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographics [Accessed 27 May 2021].
  • 13. Idoiaga N, Berasategi N, Eiguren A, Picaza M. Exploring children’s social and emotional representations of the Covid-19 pandemic. Front. Psychol. 2020; 11:1952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952
  • 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Helping Children Cope. July 1, 2020 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/for-parents.html [Accessed 28 May 2021].
  • 15. Cellini N, Di Giorgio E, Mioni G, Di Riso D. Sleep and psychological difficulties in italian school-age children during COVID-19 lockdown. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2021; 46(2):153-167. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab003
  • 16. Orgilés M, Morales A, Delvecchio E, Mazzeschi C, Espada JP. Immediate psychological effects of the COVID-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain. Front. Psychol. 2020; 11:579038. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579038
  • 17. Casagrande M, Favieri F, Tambelli R, Forte G. The enemy who sealed the world: Effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Medicine 2020; 75:12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.011
  • 18. Dellagiulia A, Lionetti F, Fasolo M, Verderame C, Sperati A, Alessandri G. Early impact of COVID-19 lockdown on children’s sleep: a 4-week longitudinal study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020; 16(9):1639–1640. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8648
  • 19. Vignatelli L, Billiard M, Clarenbach P, et al. EFNS guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in sleep. Eur. J. Neurol. 2006; 13:1049-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01410.x
  • 20. Bruni O, Malorgio E, Doria M, et al. Changes in sleep patterns and disturbances in children and adolescents in Italy during the Covid-19 outbreak. Sleep Medicine 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.003 (forthcoming).
  • 21. Yurteri N, Sarigedik E. Evaluation of the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep habits and quality of life in children. Ann. Med. Res. 2021; 28(1):186-192. doi: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2020.11.1116
  • 22. Pisano L, Galimi D, Cerniglia L. A qualitative report on exploratory data on the possible emotional/behavioral correlates of Covid-19 lockdown in 4-10 years children in Italy. PsyArXiv 2020; https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/stwbn (forthcoming).
  • 23. Shinomiya Y, Yoshizaki A, Murata E, Fujisawa, TX, Taniike M, Mohri I. Sleep and the General Behavior of Infants and Parents during the Closure of Schools as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison with 2019 Data. Children. 2021; 8(2):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020168
  • 24. Eyuboglu TS, Aslan AT, Gursoy TR, et al. Sleep disturbances in children with cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia and typically developing children during COVID‐19 pandemic. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57:1605-1611. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15553
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nursing
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Duygu Demir 0000-0003-1245-4424

Burcu Selvi Çalışkan 0000-0002-1190-4924

Birsen Mutlu 0000-0002-8708-984X

Publication Date August 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Demir, D., Selvi Çalışkan, B., & Mutlu, B. (2022). HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?. YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 76-86.
AMA Demir D, Selvi Çalışkan B, Mutlu B. HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?. YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. August 2022;3(2):76-86.
Chicago Demir, Duygu, Burcu Selvi Çalışkan, and Birsen Mutlu. “HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?”. YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 3, no. 2 (August 2022): 76-86.
EndNote Demir D, Selvi Çalışkan B, Mutlu B (August 1, 2022) HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?. YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 3 2 76–86.
IEEE D. Demir, B. Selvi Çalışkan, and B. Mutlu, “HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?”, YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 76–86, 2022.
ISNAD Demir, Duygu et al. “HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?”. YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 3/2 (August 2022), 76-86.
JAMA Demir D, Selvi Çalışkan B, Mutlu B. HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?. YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;3:76–86.
MLA Demir, Duygu et al. “HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?”. YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 2, 2022, pp. 76-86.
Vancouver Demir D, Selvi Çalışkan B, Mutlu B. HOW HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTED THE SLEEP OF CHILDREN AGED 6-18 YEARS?. YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;3(2):76-8.