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Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 103 - 125, 30.12.2023

Tuba Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1315959

Abstract

Lebanon, had non-visible relationships with Turkey after its independence and the post-civil war period. Although it lost the balance of political stability at times, the political affinity that emerged with the participation of Lebanon in the close relations, which Turkey sought to establish with Arab countries in the 2000s, continued with mutual negotiations at the point of cooperation. After the Lebanon-Israel war in 2006, which caused political and economic destruction in the country, Turkey increased its support for Lebanon. Accordingly, the crises appeared after the Arab Spring in the region led Turkey to follow the sensitive policy over the sectarian groups in the country. However, some reactions arose in Lebanon’s political arena against Turkey’s increasing regional activism, bringing several ideological questions on Turkey’s approach towards Lebanon. Regarding the relationship between Turkey and Lebanon, “Does Turkey desire to establish a new Ottoman administration in the Middle East?” was one of the questions asked. Moreover, a negative environment was created and used occasionally as a trump card against Turkey’s approach toward Lebanon, saying that even the Ottoman Empire did not play an active role in the Lebanon region.
This study examines whether there are traces of Neo-Ottomanism and sectarianism in the political roadmap followed by the Turkish Government in its Lebanon policy. It discusses, the diplomatic response of Turkey to the anti-Ottoman rhetoric in Lebanese politics and its effect on bilateral relations. Accordingly, the study analyzes Turkey’s effort to maintain the balance against sectarian discourse that shapes Lebanon’s policy.

Keywords

Türkiye Lebanon Politics Sectarianism Neo- Ottomanism

References

  • Al Arab. “et’ Taiffiyyah Varaqa Turkiyya Li Ikhtiraq Lubnan”. Accessed 28 June, 2021. https://l24.im/CeE0k.
  • Al Nour. “Arslan: Al Udvan al Turki as Safir Ala Turkiya, gad Yadhoul al Mintikha al Fawda”. Accessed 27 June 2021.https://l24.im/vO2y.
  • Al-Zaydi, Mshari. “The Return of the Ottoman Empire”. Asharq Alawsat, 2 May 2009, http:// www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=2&id=15618.
  • Amerika’nın Sesi. “Cumhurbaşkanı Sezer Suriye'de”. Accessed 15 June 2021. https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/a-17-2005-04-13-voa7-87971207/834556.html.
  • Anadolu Agency. “West behind failed Türkiye coup bid: Ex-Hezbollah chief”. Accessed 29 June, 2021. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/Türkiye/west-behind-failed-Türkiye-coup-bid-ex-hezbollah-chief/613744.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Cumhurbaşkanı Yardımcısı Oktay: Lübnan'a yardımlarımız devam edecek”. Accessed 04 October 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/cumhurbaskani-yardimcisi-oktay-lubnana-yardimlarimiz-devam-edecek/1935601.
  • Armenian Weekly. “Armenia Sends Humanitarian Aid to Beirut, Welcomes Repatriates”. Accessed 27 July 2021, https://armenianweekly.com/2020/08/12/armenia-sends-humanitarian-aid-to-beirut-welcomes-repatriates/.
  • Asian News. “Erdogan in Beirut, a mediator on a Neo-Ottoman quest”. Accessed 27 June, 2021. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Erdogan-in-Beirut,-a-mediator-on-a-Neo-Ottoman-quest-20088.html.
  • BBC. “İki THY Pilotu Beyrut'ta kaçırıldı”. Accessed 18 June, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2013/08/130809_thy_kacirma.
  • BBC. “Hariri tribunal: Türkiye and Qatar end Lebanon mediation”. Accessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12239582.
  • Cagaptay, Soner, “The AKP's Foreign Policy: The Misnomer of "Neo-Ottomanism". Washington Institute, 24 April 2009, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/akps-foreign-policy-misnomer-neo-ottomanism.
  • Cagaptay, Soner. “Erdogan's Empire: Türkiye and the Politics of the Middle East”. Washington Institute, 10 June 2019, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/erdogans-empire-Türkiye-and-politics-middle-east.
  • Cicioğlu, Filiz. “Lübnan 2010”. Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi (ORMER), https://ormer.sakarya.edu.tr/uploads/files/04_mey_2010_145.pdf.
  • Colborne, Michael, Edwards Maxim. “Erdogan Is Making the Ottoman Empire Great Again”. Foreign Policy, 22 June 2018, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/22/erdogan-is-making-the-ottoman-empire-great-again/.
  • Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu. “Lübnan Ülke Raporu Mart 2014”. Accessed June 13, 2021. https://www.corlutso.org.tr/uploads/docs/lubnan_ulke_raporu.pdf.
  • European Parliament. “Turkish interference in Lebanon”. Accessed 28 June, 2021. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2021-001694_EN.html.
  • Findley Carter V., Modern Türkiye Tarihi İslam, Milliyetçilik ve Modernlik 1789-2007. Translated by Güneş Ayas. Istanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2012.
  • Gürler, Ahmet Yavuz, and Serap YOLCU YAVUZ. “Suriye Krizine Neorealist Perspektifle Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun Yaklaşımı: 1957 & 2011 Krizleri”. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 9, no. 2 (January 2023): 207-46.
  • Haber 7, “Beyrut’un elektriğini Türkiye sağlayacak”. Accessed 20 August, 2023. https://ekonomi.haber7.com/dunya-ekonomisi/haber/991601-beyrutun-elektrigini-turkiye-saglayacak.
  • Hage Ali, Mohanad. “New Sultan on the Block”. Carnegie Middle East Center, 24 August 2020, https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/82554.
  • Halawi, Dana. “News Analysis: Economic, geopolitical factors behind France's interest in Lebanon”. Xinhua, 04 April 2020. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/04/c_139342894.htm.
  • Hürriyet. “Hizbullah Lideri Nasrallah: Bedelini ödersiniz”. Accessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/hizbullah-lideri-nasrallah-bedelini-odersiniz-40056018.
  • Jabbour, Jana, Turkiya: Diblomasiyya al Quvva al Nahida. Translated by Jan Jabbour. Qatar: Arab Center of Research & Policy Studies, 2019.
  • Kaymakçı, Oğuz. “Arap Baharı Öncesinde Kalkınma Sürecinde Seçilmiş Ülkeler Bazında Ortadoğu Ekonomileri ve Türkiye ile Ticari İlişkileri -II. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, no.2, (Güz 2012): 223-253.
  • Kor, Zahide Tuba, Ortadoğu’nun Aynası Lübnan, Istanbul: IHH Kitap, 2017.
  • Kuwait News Agency. “Pakistan to host meeting of seven islamic nations foreign ministers”. Accessed 24 June 2021. https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=1713559#.
  • Lebanese Forces. “Erdogan Yakhtatim Ziyarataho Le Lubnan.”. Accessed 22 June, 2021. https://www.lebanese-forces.com/2010/11/26/113912.
  • Loukieh, Melissa. “Lübnan’da Türkiye, Türkiye’de Lübnan İmgesi Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İmge Okuryazarlığı İncelemesi.” Erciyes Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Gazetecilik Ana Bilim Dalı / Gazetecilik Bilim Dalı. 2019.
  • Nasreddin, Hala Nehad. “Erdogan Aban Jadeed Li’s Sunna?”. Daraj, 2 February 2021, https://daraj.com/65732/.
  • Osmanbaşoğlu, Gülsen Kaya. “Ortadoğu’da Barışı Tesis Etmede Neo-Osmanlıcılık Bir Seçenek Olabilir Mi?”. Akademik Hassasiyetler Vol. 5. No. 9, (Spring 2018): 1-15.
  • Orhan Aydın, Officer of Tika Beirut, Tweet Message to Author, 28 June 2021.
  • Orhan, Oytun. “The Forgotten Turks: Turkmens Of Lebanon”. Center For Middle Eastern Strategic Studies (ORSAM), February 2010, https://orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/Analiz_11_eng.pdf.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Lebanon. “President Aoun: “We want the Greater Lebanon for a hundred and thousand years, the country of radiation and liberties, where civilizations democracy, innovation and diversity interact, in a land of faith and heritage”. Accessed 24 June, 2021. https://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/Pages/SpeechesDetails.aspx?nid=25625.
  • Rabil, Robert. “Lebanon-Türkiye Relations: Reclaiming the “Sword” and “Crescent” of Islam”. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 15, no.1, (March 2021): 84-107.
  • Reuters. “Macron says aid to blast-stricken Lebanon will not go to 'corrupt hands”. Accessed 30 July 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lebanon-security-blast/macron-says-aid-to-blast-stricken-lebanon-will-not-go-to-corrupt-hands-idUKKCN2520XL?edition-redirect=ca.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Relations between Türkiye and Lebanon”. Accessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-Türkiye-and-lebanon.en.mfa.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Press Release Regarding the Formation of New Government in Lebanon”. Accessed 17 June, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-329_-20-december-2016_-press-release-regarding-the-formation-of-new-government-in-lebanon.en.mfa.
  • Taima, Muhammad. “Erdogan Laysa Batalna”. Akhbar Newspaper, 5 November 2011, https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/97233.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı Dış Temsilcilikler ve Uluslararası Etkinlikler Genel Müdürlüğü. “Lübnan Ülke Profili”. Accessed 17 June 2021. https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/lubnan-ulke-profili-2020.pdf.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. “Dışişleri Bakanı Sayın Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu’nun Lübnan Dışişleri Bakanı Sayın Cebran Bassil ile Ortak Basın Toplantısı”. Acessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/sayin-bakanimizin-lubnan-db-ile-ortak-basin-toplantisi.tr.mfa.
  • The Middle East Institute. “Turkish Foreign Policy Between Ideology and Realpolitik”. Accessed 20 June, 2021. https://www.mei.edu/resources/transcript/turkish-foreign-policy-between-ideology-and-realpolitik.
  • The National Newspaper. “Beirut explosion: Sectarian pitch rises in the aftermath of destruction”. Accessed 27 June, 2021. https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/beirut-explosion-sectarian-pitch-rises-in-the-aftermath-of-destruction-1.1061912.
  • The Wall Street Journal, “Live Updates: Failed Coup in Türkiye”. Accessed 17 June, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DISPATCHB-4504.
  • TRT World. “Lebanese Leader Blasts Arab Leaders, Evokes Ottoman Legacy in Palestine”. Accessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.trtworld.com/Türkiye/lebanese-leader-blasts-arab-leaders-evokes-ottoman-legacy-in-palestine-27851.
  • Yeşiltaş, Murat, Balcı, Ali. “AK Parti Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası Sözlüğü: Kavramsal Bir Harita”. Bilgi 23, (Kış 2011): 9-34.
  • Yıldız, Tuba, Geleneğin Hukuku Osmanlı’nın Adaleti: Dürziler ve Maruniler, Istanbul: Vadi Yayınları, 2020.

Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 103 - 125, 30.12.2023

Tuba Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1315959

Abstract

Lebanon, had non-visible relationships with Turkey after its independence and the post-civil war period. Although it lost the balance of political stability at times, the political affinity that emerged with the participation of Lebanon in the close relations, which Turkey sought to establish with Arab countries in the 2000s, continued with mutual negotiations at the point of cooperation. After the Lebanon-Israel war in 2006, which caused political and economic destruction in the country, Turkey increased its support for Lebanon. Accordingly, the crises appeared after the Arab Spring in the region led Turkey to follow the sensitive policy over the sectarian groups in the country. However, some reactions arose in Lebanon’s political arena against Turkey’s increasing regional activism, bringing several ideological questions on Turkey’s approach towards Lebanon. Regarding the relationship between Turkey and Lebanon, “Does Turkey desire to establish a new Ottoman administration in the Middle East?” was one of the questions asked. Moreover, a negative environment was created and used occasionally as a trump card against Turkey’s approach toward Lebanon, saying that even the Ottoman Empire did not play an active role in the Lebanon region.
This study examines whether there are traces of Neo-Ottomanism and sectarianism in the political roadmap followed by the Turkish Government in its Lebanon policy. It discusses, the diplomatic response of Turkey to the anti-Ottoman rhetoric in Lebanese politics and its effect on bilateral relations. Accordingly, the study analyzes Turkey’s effort to maintain the balance against sectarian discourse that shapes Lebanon’s policy.

Keywords

Türkiye Lebanon Politics Sectarianism Neo- Ottomanism

References

  • Al Arab. “et’ Taiffiyyah Varaqa Turkiyya Li Ikhtiraq Lubnan”. Accessed 28 June, 2021. https://l24.im/CeE0k.
  • Al Nour. “Arslan: Al Udvan al Turki as Safir Ala Turkiya, gad Yadhoul al Mintikha al Fawda”. Accessed 27 June 2021.https://l24.im/vO2y.
  • Al-Zaydi, Mshari. “The Return of the Ottoman Empire”. Asharq Alawsat, 2 May 2009, http:// www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=2&id=15618.
  • Amerika’nın Sesi. “Cumhurbaşkanı Sezer Suriye'de”. Accessed 15 June 2021. https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/a-17-2005-04-13-voa7-87971207/834556.html.
  • Anadolu Agency. “West behind failed Türkiye coup bid: Ex-Hezbollah chief”. Accessed 29 June, 2021. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/Türkiye/west-behind-failed-Türkiye-coup-bid-ex-hezbollah-chief/613744.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Cumhurbaşkanı Yardımcısı Oktay: Lübnan'a yardımlarımız devam edecek”. Accessed 04 October 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/cumhurbaskani-yardimcisi-oktay-lubnana-yardimlarimiz-devam-edecek/1935601.
  • Armenian Weekly. “Armenia Sends Humanitarian Aid to Beirut, Welcomes Repatriates”. Accessed 27 July 2021, https://armenianweekly.com/2020/08/12/armenia-sends-humanitarian-aid-to-beirut-welcomes-repatriates/.
  • Asian News. “Erdogan in Beirut, a mediator on a Neo-Ottoman quest”. Accessed 27 June, 2021. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Erdogan-in-Beirut,-a-mediator-on-a-Neo-Ottoman-quest-20088.html.
  • BBC. “İki THY Pilotu Beyrut'ta kaçırıldı”. Accessed 18 June, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2013/08/130809_thy_kacirma.
  • BBC. “Hariri tribunal: Türkiye and Qatar end Lebanon mediation”. Accessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12239582.
  • Cagaptay, Soner, “The AKP's Foreign Policy: The Misnomer of "Neo-Ottomanism". Washington Institute, 24 April 2009, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/akps-foreign-policy-misnomer-neo-ottomanism.
  • Cagaptay, Soner. “Erdogan's Empire: Türkiye and the Politics of the Middle East”. Washington Institute, 10 June 2019, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/erdogans-empire-Türkiye-and-politics-middle-east.
  • Cicioğlu, Filiz. “Lübnan 2010”. Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi (ORMER), https://ormer.sakarya.edu.tr/uploads/files/04_mey_2010_145.pdf.
  • Colborne, Michael, Edwards Maxim. “Erdogan Is Making the Ottoman Empire Great Again”. Foreign Policy, 22 June 2018, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/22/erdogan-is-making-the-ottoman-empire-great-again/.
  • Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu. “Lübnan Ülke Raporu Mart 2014”. Accessed June 13, 2021. https://www.corlutso.org.tr/uploads/docs/lubnan_ulke_raporu.pdf.
  • European Parliament. “Turkish interference in Lebanon”. Accessed 28 June, 2021. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2021-001694_EN.html.
  • Findley Carter V., Modern Türkiye Tarihi İslam, Milliyetçilik ve Modernlik 1789-2007. Translated by Güneş Ayas. Istanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2012.
  • Gürler, Ahmet Yavuz, and Serap YOLCU YAVUZ. “Suriye Krizine Neorealist Perspektifle Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun Yaklaşımı: 1957 & 2011 Krizleri”. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 9, no. 2 (January 2023): 207-46.
  • Haber 7, “Beyrut’un elektriğini Türkiye sağlayacak”. Accessed 20 August, 2023. https://ekonomi.haber7.com/dunya-ekonomisi/haber/991601-beyrutun-elektrigini-turkiye-saglayacak.
  • Hage Ali, Mohanad. “New Sultan on the Block”. Carnegie Middle East Center, 24 August 2020, https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/82554.
  • Halawi, Dana. “News Analysis: Economic, geopolitical factors behind France's interest in Lebanon”. Xinhua, 04 April 2020. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/04/c_139342894.htm.
  • Hürriyet. “Hizbullah Lideri Nasrallah: Bedelini ödersiniz”. Accessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/hizbullah-lideri-nasrallah-bedelini-odersiniz-40056018.
  • Jabbour, Jana, Turkiya: Diblomasiyya al Quvva al Nahida. Translated by Jan Jabbour. Qatar: Arab Center of Research & Policy Studies, 2019.
  • Kaymakçı, Oğuz. “Arap Baharı Öncesinde Kalkınma Sürecinde Seçilmiş Ülkeler Bazında Ortadoğu Ekonomileri ve Türkiye ile Ticari İlişkileri -II. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, no.2, (Güz 2012): 223-253.
  • Kor, Zahide Tuba, Ortadoğu’nun Aynası Lübnan, Istanbul: IHH Kitap, 2017.
  • Kuwait News Agency. “Pakistan to host meeting of seven islamic nations foreign ministers”. Accessed 24 June 2021. https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=1713559#.
  • Lebanese Forces. “Erdogan Yakhtatim Ziyarataho Le Lubnan.”. Accessed 22 June, 2021. https://www.lebanese-forces.com/2010/11/26/113912.
  • Loukieh, Melissa. “Lübnan’da Türkiye, Türkiye’de Lübnan İmgesi Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İmge Okuryazarlığı İncelemesi.” Erciyes Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Gazetecilik Ana Bilim Dalı / Gazetecilik Bilim Dalı. 2019.
  • Nasreddin, Hala Nehad. “Erdogan Aban Jadeed Li’s Sunna?”. Daraj, 2 February 2021, https://daraj.com/65732/.
  • Osmanbaşoğlu, Gülsen Kaya. “Ortadoğu’da Barışı Tesis Etmede Neo-Osmanlıcılık Bir Seçenek Olabilir Mi?”. Akademik Hassasiyetler Vol. 5. No. 9, (Spring 2018): 1-15.
  • Orhan Aydın, Officer of Tika Beirut, Tweet Message to Author, 28 June 2021.
  • Orhan, Oytun. “The Forgotten Turks: Turkmens Of Lebanon”. Center For Middle Eastern Strategic Studies (ORSAM), February 2010, https://orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/Analiz_11_eng.pdf.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Lebanon. “President Aoun: “We want the Greater Lebanon for a hundred and thousand years, the country of radiation and liberties, where civilizations democracy, innovation and diversity interact, in a land of faith and heritage”. Accessed 24 June, 2021. https://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/Pages/SpeechesDetails.aspx?nid=25625.
  • Rabil, Robert. “Lebanon-Türkiye Relations: Reclaiming the “Sword” and “Crescent” of Islam”. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 15, no.1, (March 2021): 84-107.
  • Reuters. “Macron says aid to blast-stricken Lebanon will not go to 'corrupt hands”. Accessed 30 July 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lebanon-security-blast/macron-says-aid-to-blast-stricken-lebanon-will-not-go-to-corrupt-hands-idUKKCN2520XL?edition-redirect=ca.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Relations between Türkiye and Lebanon”. Accessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-Türkiye-and-lebanon.en.mfa.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Press Release Regarding the Formation of New Government in Lebanon”. Accessed 17 June, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-329_-20-december-2016_-press-release-regarding-the-formation-of-new-government-in-lebanon.en.mfa.
  • Taima, Muhammad. “Erdogan Laysa Batalna”. Akhbar Newspaper, 5 November 2011, https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/97233.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı Dış Temsilcilikler ve Uluslararası Etkinlikler Genel Müdürlüğü. “Lübnan Ülke Profili”. Accessed 17 June 2021. https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/lubnan-ulke-profili-2020.pdf.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. “Dışişleri Bakanı Sayın Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu’nun Lübnan Dışişleri Bakanı Sayın Cebran Bassil ile Ortak Basın Toplantısı”. Acessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/sayin-bakanimizin-lubnan-db-ile-ortak-basin-toplantisi.tr.mfa.
  • The Middle East Institute. “Turkish Foreign Policy Between Ideology and Realpolitik”. Accessed 20 June, 2021. https://www.mei.edu/resources/transcript/turkish-foreign-policy-between-ideology-and-realpolitik.
  • The National Newspaper. “Beirut explosion: Sectarian pitch rises in the aftermath of destruction”. Accessed 27 June, 2021. https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/beirut-explosion-sectarian-pitch-rises-in-the-aftermath-of-destruction-1.1061912.
  • The Wall Street Journal, “Live Updates: Failed Coup in Türkiye”. Accessed 17 June, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DISPATCHB-4504.
  • TRT World. “Lebanese Leader Blasts Arab Leaders, Evokes Ottoman Legacy in Palestine”. Accessed 26 June, 2021. https://www.trtworld.com/Türkiye/lebanese-leader-blasts-arab-leaders-evokes-ottoman-legacy-in-palestine-27851.
  • Yeşiltaş, Murat, Balcı, Ali. “AK Parti Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası Sözlüğü: Kavramsal Bir Harita”. Bilgi 23, (Kış 2011): 9-34.
  • Yıldız, Tuba, Geleneğin Hukuku Osmanlı’nın Adaleti: Dürziler ve Maruniler, Istanbul: Vadi Yayınları, 2020.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Tuba Yıldız 0000-0002-7152-4421

Early Pub Date December 29, 2023
Publication Date December 30, 2023
Acceptance Date October 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldız, T. (2023). Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1315959
AMA Yıldız T. Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon. TJMES. December 2023;10(2):103-125. doi:10.26513/tocd.1315959
Chicago Yıldız, Tuba. “Lebanese-Turkish Relations After the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 10, no. 2 (December 2023): 103-25. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1315959.
EndNote Yıldız T (December 1, 2023) Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 10 2 103–125.
IEEE T. Yıldız, “Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon”, TJMES, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 103–125, 2023, doi: 10.26513/tocd.1315959.
ISNAD Yıldız, Tuba. “Lebanese-Turkish Relations After the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 10/2 (December 2023), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1315959.
JAMA Yıldız T. Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon. TJMES. 2023;10:103–125.
MLA Yıldız, Tuba. “Lebanese-Turkish Relations After the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 2, 2023, pp. 103-25, doi:10.26513/tocd.1315959.
Vancouver Yıldız T. Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon. TJMES. 2023;10(2):103-25.
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