Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 1 - 24, 01.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.26.9.2

Abstract

References

  • Abramowski, A. (2018). Is procrastination all that “bad”? A qualitative study of academic procrastination and self-worth in postgraduate university students. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198168
  • Ashby, J. S., & Rice, K. G. (2002). Perfectionism, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-esteem: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counselling and Development, 80, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00183.x
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Oxford: Prentice-Hall
  • Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.729
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3:2, 77-101, DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brink, P. J. (1991). Issues of reliability and validity. In J. M. Morse (Ed.), Qualitative nursing research: A contemporary dialogue (pp. 164-186). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483349015.n20
  • Burka, J.B. & Yuen, L.M. (1983). Procrastination: why you do it, what to do about it. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Pub. Co.
  • Burnam, A., Komarraju, M., Hamel, R., & Nadler, D. R. (2014). Do adaptive perfectionism and self-determined motivation reduce academic procrastination? Learning and Individual Differences, 36, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.009
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri [Scientific Research Methods]. Ankara: Pegem Publ.
  • Boone, L., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Goossens, L. (2010). An empirical typology of perfectionism in early-to-mid adolescents and its relation with eating disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(7), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.022
  • Charmaz, K. (2011). Grounded Theory Methods in Social Justice Research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 4th Ed (pp. 359-380). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Curran, T. & Hill, A. P. (2017). Perfectionism is increasing over time: a meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 410–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000138
  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2007). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed,). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452230153
  • Covington, M. V. (1992). Making the grade: A self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173582
  • Covington, M. V. (1998). The will to learn: A guide for motivating young people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cox, B.J., Enns, M.W. & Clara, I.P. (2002). The multidimensional structure of perfectionism in clinically distressed and college student samples. Psychological Assessment, 14(3), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.3.365
  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1998). Strategies of qualitative inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: 12 Sage.
  • DiBartolo, P.M., Frost, R.O., Dixon, A. & Almodovar, S. (2001). Can cognitive restructuring reduce the disruption associated with perfectionistic concern? Behaviour Therapy, 32, 167-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80051-4
  • Eccles, J. S., & Midgley, C. M. (1989). Stage-environment fit: Developmentally appropriate classrooms for young adolescents. In R. E. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (Vol. 3, pp. 139–186). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Egan, S. J., Piek, J. P., Dyck, M. J., Rees, C. S., & Hagger, M. S. (2013). A clinical investigation of motivation to change standards and cognitions about failure in perfectionism. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41(5), 565–578. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135246581200063X
  • Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2011). Perfectionism as a Transdiagnostic Process: A Clinical Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 203-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.009
  • Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. J. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. New York: Institute for Rational Living.
  • Ellis, A. & Knaus, W. J. (2002) Overcoming procrastination (Rev. ed.). NY: New American Library
  • Enns, M.W. & Cox, B.J. (2002). The nature and assessment of perfectionism: A critical analysis. In Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L. (Eds), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (33-62). American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA.
  • Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L., & Martin, T.R. (1995). Dimensions of Perfectionism and Procrastination. In J.R. Ferrari, J.L. Johnson, & W.G. McCown, (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. (113–136). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Davis, R. A., & Sherry, S. B. (2004). Description and Counseling of the Perfectionistic Procrastinator. In H. C. Schouwenburg, C. H. Lay, T. A. Pychyl, & J. R. Ferrari (Eds.), Counselling the procrastinator in academic settings (181–194). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10808-013
  • Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a "transdiagnostic" theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00088-8
  • Ferguson, K. L., & Rodway, M. R. (1994). Cognitive behavioral treatment of perfectionism: Initial evaluation studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 4(3), 283–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973159400400302
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Self-handicapping by procrastinators: Protecting self-esteem, social-esteem, or both? Journal of Research in Personality, 25(3), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(91)90018-L
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behaviour: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(92)90060-H
  • Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology. Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6
  • Ferrari, J. R., Keane, S. M., Wolfe, R. N., & Beck, B. L. (1998). The antecedents and consequences of academic excuse-making: examining individual differences in procrastination. Research in Higher Education, 39(2), 199-215. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1018768715586
  • Ferrari, J. R., & Diaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time activation reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.06.006
  • Ferrari, J. R., & Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2014). Procrastination and mental health coping: A brief report related to students. Individual Differences Research, 12(1), 8-11.
  • Flett, G.L.; Blankstein, K.R.; Hewitt, P.L. & Koledin, S. (1992). Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students. Social Behaviour and Personality: An international journal, 20(2), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.2.85
  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Mosher, S. W. (1995). Perfectionism, life events, and depressive symptoms: A test of a diathesis-stress model. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 14(2), 112–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686885
  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Oliver, J. M., & MacDonald, S. (2002). Perfectionism in children and their parents: A developmental analysis. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 89-132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-004
  • Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
  • Gilman, R., & Ashby, J. S. (2006). Perfectionism. In G. G. Bear & K. M. Minke (Eds.), Children’s needs III: Development, prevention and intervention (pp. 303–312). Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for 13 Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company http://www.sxf.uevora.pt/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Glaser_1967.pdf
  • Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Technology Research and Development, 29(2), 75-91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30219811?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Gotwals, J. K., & Spencer-Cavaliere, N. (2014). Intercollegiate perfectionistic athletes’ perspectives on achievement: Contributions to the understanding and assessment of perfectionism in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 45, 271-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1740826
  • Harriott, J. & Ferrari, J.R. (1996). Prevalence of procrastination among samples of adults. Psychological Reports 78, 611–616. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.611
  • Haynes, N. (2000). Doing psychological research. Philadelphia: Open University Press
  • Hewitt, P. L., Caelian, C. F., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Collins, L., & Flynn, C. A. (2002). Perfectionism in children: Associations with depression, anxiety, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(6), 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00109-X
  • Hill, A.P., Appleton, P.R. & Hall, H.K. (2011). The relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and contingencies of self-worth. Personality and Individual Differences, 50 (2). 238 - 242 (5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.036
  • Hooda, M. & Devi, R. (2017). Procrastination: A Serious Problem Prevalent Among Adolescents. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7 (9), 107-113.
  • Jansson-Frojmark, M., & Linton, S. J. (2007). Is perfectionism related to pre-existing and future insomnia? A prospective study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466506X158824
  • Jaradat, A.K.M. (2004). Test anxiety in Jordanian students: Measurement, correlates and treatment. Doctoral Dissertation, Philips: University of Marburg http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2004/0124/pdf/dakmj.pdf
  • Jaradat, A.K.M. (2013). Multidimensional perfectionism in a sample of Jordanian high school students. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 23, 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2012.20
  • Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Lay, C.H. (1990). Working to schedule on personal projects: An assessment of person-project characteristics and trait procrastination. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 5, 91–103. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-30967-001
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1986). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, (30), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1427
  • Lo, A., & Abbott, M. (2013). The impact of manipulating expected standards of performance for adaptive, maladaptive, and non-perfectionists. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 762–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9528-1
  • Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: A model of self-protection from a longitudinal perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-476x(02)00008-5
  • Maxwell, J. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279-301. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.62.3.8323320856251826
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Milgram, N. A., Sroloff, B., & Rosenbaum, M. (1988). The procrastination of everyday life. Journal of Research in Personality, 22(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(88)90015-3
  • Milgram, N., Marshevsky, S., & Sadeg, C. (1995). Correlates of academic procrastination: Discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capability. The Journal of Psychology, 129, 145–155. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1995.9914954
  • Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Nounopoulos, A., Ashby, J. S., & Gilman, R. (2006). Coping resources, perfectionism, and academic performance among adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 43(5), 613–622. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20167
  • Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (1997). Writing a research proposal: The role of library anxiety, statistics anxiety, and composition anxiety. Library & Information Science Research, 19(1), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-8188(97)90003-7
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. (2000). Academic procrastinators and perfectionistic tendencies among graduate students. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality. 15(5), 103-109. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-10572-008
  • Pacht, A.R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39(4), 386–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386
  • Parker, W.D. (1997). An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children. American Educational Research Journal. 34(3), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.2307/1163249
  • Patrzek, J., Sattler, S., van Veen, F., Grunschel, C., & Fries, S. (2014). Investigating the effect of academic procrastination on the frequency and variety of academic misconduct: A panel study. Studies in Higher Education, 40(6), 1014-1029. https://10.1080/03075079.2013.854765
  • Patton, M. Q. (1980). Qualitative evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. HSR: Health Services Research, 34, 1189-1208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1089059/
  • Pychyl, T. A., Lee, J. M., Thibodeau, R., & Blunt, A. (2000). Five days of emotion: an experience sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 15(5), 239 254. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-10572-019
  • Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2007). An efficient method for classifying perfectionists. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 54(1), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.72
  • Rice, G. K., Ashby, S. J., & Gilman, R. (2011). Classifying Adolescent Perfectionists. Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 563-577. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022482
  • Rice, G. K., Leever, A. B., Christopher, J., & Porter, D. J. (2006). Perfectionism, stress, and social disconnection: A short-term study of hopelessness, depression, and academic adjustment among honours students. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 53, 524-534. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.524
  • Rice, K. G., Richardson, C. M. E., & Ray, M. E. (2016). Perfectionism in academic settings. In F. M. Sirois & D. S. Molnar (Eds.). Perfectionism, Health, and Well-being (pp. 245-264), New York, NY: Springer.
  • Richards, L., & Morse, J. M. (2013). Read me first for a user’s guide to qualitative methods (3rd ed.) Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Saddler, C.D., & Sacks, L.A. (1993). Multidimensional perfectionism and academic procrastination: Relationships with depression in university students. Psychological Reports, 73(3), 863–871. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.3.863
  • Santrock, J.W. (2019). Adolescence. (17th Ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN10: 1260058786 ISBN13: 9781260058789
  • Schilling, J. (2006). On the pragmatics of qualitative assessment: Designing the process for content analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.1.28
  • Schouwenburg, H. C. (1995). Academic procrastination: theoretical notions, measurement, and research. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: theory, research, and treatment (pp. 71-96). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L. (2007). Doing the things, we do: a grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12
  • Shafran, R., & Mansell, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology: A review of research and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(6), 879–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00072-6
  • Schubert Walker, L. J., & Stewart, D. W. (2000). Overcoming the powerlessness of procrastination. Guidance & Counseling, 16(1), 39.
  • Senécal, C., Koestner, R., & Vallerand. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(5), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1995.9712234
  • Senécal, C., Julien, E., & Guay, F. (2003). Role conflict and academic procrastination: A self-determination perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ejsp.144
  • Sironic, A. & Reeve, R. A. (2015). A combined analysis of the frost multidimensional perfectionism scale (FMPS), child and adolescent perfectionism scale (CAPS), and almost perfect scale—revised (APS-R): different perfectionist profiles in adolescent high school students. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1471–1483. https://10.1037/pas0000137
  • Slaney, R. B., & Ashby, J. S. (1996). Perfectionists: Study of a criterion group. Journal of Counselling and Development, 74(4), 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01885.x
  • Slaney, R. B., Chadha, N., Mobley, M., & Kennedy, S. (2000). Perfectionism in Asian Indians: Exploring the meaning of the construct in India. The Counselling Psychologist, 28(1), 10–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000000281002
  • Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., & Trippi, J. (2001). The revised Almost Perfect Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, 34, 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2002.12069030
  • Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2002). A programmatic approach to measuring perfectionism: The Almost Perfect Scales. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 63–88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-003
  • Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioural correlates. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 31(4), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
  • Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2008). Maladaptive perfectionism as an intervening variable between psychological control and adolescent depressive symptoms: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.465
  • Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
  • Stoeber, J., & Stoeber, F. S. (2009). Domains of perfectionism: Prevalence and relationships with perfectionism, gender, age, and satisfaction with life. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 530–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.006
  • Stoeber, J. (2012). Perfectionism and performance. In S. M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 294–306). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative research: studying how things work. New York: Guilford
  • Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.133.1.65
  • Steel, P., Brothen, T. & Wambach, C. (2001). Procrastination and personality, performance, and mood. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00013-1
  • Speirs-Neumeister, K. L. (2004). Factors influencing the development of perfectionism in gifted college students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48, 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698620404800402
  • Speirs-Neumeister, K. L., Williams, K. K., & Cross, T. L. (2009). Gifted high-school students’ perspectives on the development of perfectionism. Roeper Review, 31(4), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190903177564
  • Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: the costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x
  • Tuckman, B. (1990, April). Measuring procrastination attitudinally and behaviourally. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA. Abstract retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED319792
  • Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Freeman, E. C. (2012). Generational Differences in Young Adults‟ Life Goals, Concern of Others, and Civic Orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(5), 1045-1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027408
  • Van Eerde, W. (2003). A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1401–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00358-6
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, 8. baskı. [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences, 8th Ed]. Ankara: Seçkin Publ.
  • Wolters, C. A., & Corkin, D. M. (2012). Procrastination and Learning. In N. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Sciences of learning (pp. 2697–2700). Springer: US.

A Qualitative Study among Self-Identified Perfectionists and Procrastinators in Academic Tasks

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 1 - 24, 01.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.26.9.2

Abstract

One of the elements constituting the globally growing interest in perfectionism and procrastination is today’s education systems. In this study, which employed phenomenological model as one of the qualitative research methods, it was aimed to identify the motives for the perfectionism and procrastination of Science High School students within the framework of their own experiences and to determine what they need to overcome them. The data obtained through semi-structured interviews with 21 students selected by purposive sampling method were subjected to content analysis. In the analysis, a multidimensional perspective was adopted without considering a particular theoretical perspective on perfectionism and procrastination. As a result of the data analysis, it was seen that in addition to the standards the students determined for themselves, others' expectations were also among the motives of the students for perfectionism in academic tasks. Students need to overcome their fears of failure, get rid of academic procrastination and social support mechanisms with a view to coping with this situation. In addition, students procrastinate academic tasks due to the nature of the task, motivational problems, inadequacies in self-regulation skills, and fear of failure or fear of fail to be perfect. In order to cope with procrastination behaviors, they need to learn a number of both behavioral and cognitive regulations and increase their motivations.

References

  • Abramowski, A. (2018). Is procrastination all that “bad”? A qualitative study of academic procrastination and self-worth in postgraduate university students. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198168
  • Ashby, J. S., & Rice, K. G. (2002). Perfectionism, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-esteem: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counselling and Development, 80, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00183.x
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Oxford: Prentice-Hall
  • Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.729
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3:2, 77-101, DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brink, P. J. (1991). Issues of reliability and validity. In J. M. Morse (Ed.), Qualitative nursing research: A contemporary dialogue (pp. 164-186). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483349015.n20
  • Burka, J.B. & Yuen, L.M. (1983). Procrastination: why you do it, what to do about it. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Pub. Co.
  • Burnam, A., Komarraju, M., Hamel, R., & Nadler, D. R. (2014). Do adaptive perfectionism and self-determined motivation reduce academic procrastination? Learning and Individual Differences, 36, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.009
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri [Scientific Research Methods]. Ankara: Pegem Publ.
  • Boone, L., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Goossens, L. (2010). An empirical typology of perfectionism in early-to-mid adolescents and its relation with eating disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(7), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.022
  • Charmaz, K. (2011). Grounded Theory Methods in Social Justice Research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 4th Ed (pp. 359-380). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Curran, T. & Hill, A. P. (2017). Perfectionism is increasing over time: a meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 410–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000138
  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2007). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed,). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452230153
  • Covington, M. V. (1992). Making the grade: A self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173582
  • Covington, M. V. (1998). The will to learn: A guide for motivating young people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cox, B.J., Enns, M.W. & Clara, I.P. (2002). The multidimensional structure of perfectionism in clinically distressed and college student samples. Psychological Assessment, 14(3), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.3.365
  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1998). Strategies of qualitative inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: 12 Sage.
  • DiBartolo, P.M., Frost, R.O., Dixon, A. & Almodovar, S. (2001). Can cognitive restructuring reduce the disruption associated with perfectionistic concern? Behaviour Therapy, 32, 167-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80051-4
  • Eccles, J. S., & Midgley, C. M. (1989). Stage-environment fit: Developmentally appropriate classrooms for young adolescents. In R. E. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (Vol. 3, pp. 139–186). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Egan, S. J., Piek, J. P., Dyck, M. J., Rees, C. S., & Hagger, M. S. (2013). A clinical investigation of motivation to change standards and cognitions about failure in perfectionism. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41(5), 565–578. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135246581200063X
  • Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2011). Perfectionism as a Transdiagnostic Process: A Clinical Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 203-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.009
  • Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. J. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. New York: Institute for Rational Living.
  • Ellis, A. & Knaus, W. J. (2002) Overcoming procrastination (Rev. ed.). NY: New American Library
  • Enns, M.W. & Cox, B.J. (2002). The nature and assessment of perfectionism: A critical analysis. In Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L. (Eds), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (33-62). American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA.
  • Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L., & Martin, T.R. (1995). Dimensions of Perfectionism and Procrastination. In J.R. Ferrari, J.L. Johnson, & W.G. McCown, (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. (113–136). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Davis, R. A., & Sherry, S. B. (2004). Description and Counseling of the Perfectionistic Procrastinator. In H. C. Schouwenburg, C. H. Lay, T. A. Pychyl, & J. R. Ferrari (Eds.), Counselling the procrastinator in academic settings (181–194). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10808-013
  • Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a "transdiagnostic" theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00088-8
  • Ferguson, K. L., & Rodway, M. R. (1994). Cognitive behavioral treatment of perfectionism: Initial evaluation studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 4(3), 283–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973159400400302
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Self-handicapping by procrastinators: Protecting self-esteem, social-esteem, or both? Journal of Research in Personality, 25(3), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(91)90018-L
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behaviour: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(92)90060-H
  • Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology. Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6
  • Ferrari, J. R., Keane, S. M., Wolfe, R. N., & Beck, B. L. (1998). The antecedents and consequences of academic excuse-making: examining individual differences in procrastination. Research in Higher Education, 39(2), 199-215. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1018768715586
  • Ferrari, J. R., & Diaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time activation reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.06.006
  • Ferrari, J. R., & Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2014). Procrastination and mental health coping: A brief report related to students. Individual Differences Research, 12(1), 8-11.
  • Flett, G.L.; Blankstein, K.R.; Hewitt, P.L. & Koledin, S. (1992). Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students. Social Behaviour and Personality: An international journal, 20(2), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.2.85
  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Mosher, S. W. (1995). Perfectionism, life events, and depressive symptoms: A test of a diathesis-stress model. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 14(2), 112–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686885
  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Oliver, J. M., & MacDonald, S. (2002). Perfectionism in children and their parents: A developmental analysis. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 89-132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-004
  • Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
  • Gilman, R., & Ashby, J. S. (2006). Perfectionism. In G. G. Bear & K. M. Minke (Eds.), Children’s needs III: Development, prevention and intervention (pp. 303–312). Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for 13 Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company http://www.sxf.uevora.pt/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Glaser_1967.pdf
  • Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Technology Research and Development, 29(2), 75-91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30219811?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Gotwals, J. K., & Spencer-Cavaliere, N. (2014). Intercollegiate perfectionistic athletes’ perspectives on achievement: Contributions to the understanding and assessment of perfectionism in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 45, 271-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1740826
  • Harriott, J. & Ferrari, J.R. (1996). Prevalence of procrastination among samples of adults. Psychological Reports 78, 611–616. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.611
  • Haynes, N. (2000). Doing psychological research. Philadelphia: Open University Press
  • Hewitt, P. L., Caelian, C. F., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Collins, L., & Flynn, C. A. (2002). Perfectionism in children: Associations with depression, anxiety, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(6), 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00109-X
  • Hill, A.P., Appleton, P.R. & Hall, H.K. (2011). The relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and contingencies of self-worth. Personality and Individual Differences, 50 (2). 238 - 242 (5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.036
  • Hooda, M. & Devi, R. (2017). Procrastination: A Serious Problem Prevalent Among Adolescents. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7 (9), 107-113.
  • Jansson-Frojmark, M., & Linton, S. J. (2007). Is perfectionism related to pre-existing and future insomnia? A prospective study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466506X158824
  • Jaradat, A.K.M. (2004). Test anxiety in Jordanian students: Measurement, correlates and treatment. Doctoral Dissertation, Philips: University of Marburg http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2004/0124/pdf/dakmj.pdf
  • Jaradat, A.K.M. (2013). Multidimensional perfectionism in a sample of Jordanian high school students. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 23, 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2012.20
  • Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Lay, C.H. (1990). Working to schedule on personal projects: An assessment of person-project characteristics and trait procrastination. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 5, 91–103. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-30967-001
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1986). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, (30), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1427
  • Lo, A., & Abbott, M. (2013). The impact of manipulating expected standards of performance for adaptive, maladaptive, and non-perfectionists. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 762–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9528-1
  • Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: A model of self-protection from a longitudinal perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-476x(02)00008-5
  • Maxwell, J. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279-301. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.62.3.8323320856251826
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Milgram, N. A., Sroloff, B., & Rosenbaum, M. (1988). The procrastination of everyday life. Journal of Research in Personality, 22(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(88)90015-3
  • Milgram, N., Marshevsky, S., & Sadeg, C. (1995). Correlates of academic procrastination: Discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capability. The Journal of Psychology, 129, 145–155. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1995.9914954
  • Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Nounopoulos, A., Ashby, J. S., & Gilman, R. (2006). Coping resources, perfectionism, and academic performance among adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 43(5), 613–622. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20167
  • Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (1997). Writing a research proposal: The role of library anxiety, statistics anxiety, and composition anxiety. Library & Information Science Research, 19(1), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-8188(97)90003-7
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. (2000). Academic procrastinators and perfectionistic tendencies among graduate students. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality. 15(5), 103-109. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-10572-008
  • Pacht, A.R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39(4), 386–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386
  • Parker, W.D. (1997). An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children. American Educational Research Journal. 34(3), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.2307/1163249
  • Patrzek, J., Sattler, S., van Veen, F., Grunschel, C., & Fries, S. (2014). Investigating the effect of academic procrastination on the frequency and variety of academic misconduct: A panel study. Studies in Higher Education, 40(6), 1014-1029. https://10.1080/03075079.2013.854765
  • Patton, M. Q. (1980). Qualitative evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. HSR: Health Services Research, 34, 1189-1208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1089059/
  • Pychyl, T. A., Lee, J. M., Thibodeau, R., & Blunt, A. (2000). Five days of emotion: an experience sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 15(5), 239 254. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-10572-019
  • Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2007). An efficient method for classifying perfectionists. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 54(1), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.72
  • Rice, G. K., Ashby, S. J., & Gilman, R. (2011). Classifying Adolescent Perfectionists. Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 563-577. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022482
  • Rice, G. K., Leever, A. B., Christopher, J., & Porter, D. J. (2006). Perfectionism, stress, and social disconnection: A short-term study of hopelessness, depression, and academic adjustment among honours students. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 53, 524-534. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.524
  • Rice, K. G., Richardson, C. M. E., & Ray, M. E. (2016). Perfectionism in academic settings. In F. M. Sirois & D. S. Molnar (Eds.). Perfectionism, Health, and Well-being (pp. 245-264), New York, NY: Springer.
  • Richards, L., & Morse, J. M. (2013). Read me first for a user’s guide to qualitative methods (3rd ed.) Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Saddler, C.D., & Sacks, L.A. (1993). Multidimensional perfectionism and academic procrastination: Relationships with depression in university students. Psychological Reports, 73(3), 863–871. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.3.863
  • Santrock, J.W. (2019). Adolescence. (17th Ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN10: 1260058786 ISBN13: 9781260058789
  • Schilling, J. (2006). On the pragmatics of qualitative assessment: Designing the process for content analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.1.28
  • Schouwenburg, H. C. (1995). Academic procrastination: theoretical notions, measurement, and research. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: theory, research, and treatment (pp. 71-96). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L. (2007). Doing the things, we do: a grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12
  • Shafran, R., & Mansell, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology: A review of research and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(6), 879–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00072-6
  • Schubert Walker, L. J., & Stewart, D. W. (2000). Overcoming the powerlessness of procrastination. Guidance & Counseling, 16(1), 39.
  • Senécal, C., Koestner, R., & Vallerand. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(5), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1995.9712234
  • Senécal, C., Julien, E., & Guay, F. (2003). Role conflict and academic procrastination: A self-determination perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ejsp.144
  • Sironic, A. & Reeve, R. A. (2015). A combined analysis of the frost multidimensional perfectionism scale (FMPS), child and adolescent perfectionism scale (CAPS), and almost perfect scale—revised (APS-R): different perfectionist profiles in adolescent high school students. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1471–1483. https://10.1037/pas0000137
  • Slaney, R. B., & Ashby, J. S. (1996). Perfectionists: Study of a criterion group. Journal of Counselling and Development, 74(4), 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01885.x
  • Slaney, R. B., Chadha, N., Mobley, M., & Kennedy, S. (2000). Perfectionism in Asian Indians: Exploring the meaning of the construct in India. The Counselling Psychologist, 28(1), 10–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000000281002
  • Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., & Trippi, J. (2001). The revised Almost Perfect Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, 34, 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2002.12069030
  • Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2002). A programmatic approach to measuring perfectionism: The Almost Perfect Scales. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 63–88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-003
  • Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioural correlates. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 31(4), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
  • Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2008). Maladaptive perfectionism as an intervening variable between psychological control and adolescent depressive symptoms: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.465
  • Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
  • Stoeber, J., & Stoeber, F. S. (2009). Domains of perfectionism: Prevalence and relationships with perfectionism, gender, age, and satisfaction with life. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 530–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.006
  • Stoeber, J. (2012). Perfectionism and performance. In S. M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 294–306). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative research: studying how things work. New York: Guilford
  • Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.133.1.65
  • Steel, P., Brothen, T. & Wambach, C. (2001). Procrastination and personality, performance, and mood. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00013-1
  • Speirs-Neumeister, K. L. (2004). Factors influencing the development of perfectionism in gifted college students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48, 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698620404800402
  • Speirs-Neumeister, K. L., Williams, K. K., & Cross, T. L. (2009). Gifted high-school students’ perspectives on the development of perfectionism. Roeper Review, 31(4), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190903177564
  • Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: the costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x
  • Tuckman, B. (1990, April). Measuring procrastination attitudinally and behaviourally. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA. Abstract retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED319792
  • Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Freeman, E. C. (2012). Generational Differences in Young Adults‟ Life Goals, Concern of Others, and Civic Orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(5), 1045-1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027408
  • Van Eerde, W. (2003). A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1401–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00358-6
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, 8. baskı. [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences, 8th Ed]. Ankara: Seçkin Publ.
  • Wolters, C. A., & Corkin, D. M. (2012). Procrastination and Learning. In N. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Sciences of learning (pp. 2697–2700). Springer: US.
There are 106 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Educational Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Aylin Saltürk 0000-0003-4143-8917

Publication Date March 1, 2022
Acceptance Date September 8, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Saltürk, A. (2022). A Qualitative Study among Self-Identified Perfectionists and Procrastinators in Academic Tasks. Participatory Educational Research, 9(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.26.9.2