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CAM TAVAN AŞMAK İÇİN STRATEJİLER: ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 277 - 293, 20.10.2023

Yeşim Kaya

https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1351337

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadın yöneticilerin cam tavan aşma stratejilerine ilişkin bir ölçek aracı geliştirmek üzere geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri yapmaktır. Kadınların cam tavanı aşma stratejilerinin nitel araştırma yöntemiyle incelendiği önceki bir çalışmadan ve literatürden yararlanılarak 68 maddelik ifade havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Pilot çalışma sonucunda 57 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek formu elde edilmiştir. Ölçek kadın yöneticilere sunulmuş ve İstanbul ilinde 34 farklı sektörde çalışan kadın üst düzey yöneticiler tarafından tam olarak doldurulmuş toplam 403 form elde edilmiştir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini analiz etmek için SPSS ve AMOS yazılım programları aracılığıyla faktör analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda “terfi ve kadına özgü tepkiler”, “başarı için psikolojik dayanıklılık”, “fedakârlık ve devlet desteklerinden yararlanma”, “kariyer için teşvik ediciler”, “kariyer için kurumsal destekler”, “çatışmadan kaçınma ve iş çevresi için hobiler geliştirme”, “kılık kıyafet kısıtlaması” ile “sorumluluklar için zaman yönetimi” olarak adlandırılan sekiz boyutlu cam tavan aşma stratejileri ölçeği oluşturulmuştur. Ölçeğin sekiz faktörlü yapısı, doğrulayıcı faktör modeli ve veri seti ile doğrulanmıştır. Ölçeğin her bir boyutu için Cronbach alfa katsayıları hesaplanmıştır.

Keywords

Cam tavan cam tavan aşma ölçek geliştirme strateji

Supporting Institution

Istanbul Gelişim University

Project Number

DUP-170220-YK

References

  • “Sustainable Development Indicators 2010-2019”, (2021). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sustainable-Development-Indicators-2010-2019-37194, 20.04.2021
  • “World's Women 2020”, (2021). https://worlds-women-2020-data-undesa.hub.arcgis.com/app/0d1ff2530f17451bb8437c6ea584282e, 20.04.2021
  • Adams, R. B. and Funk, P., (2012). “Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter?”, Management science, 58(2), 219-235.
  • Adler, N. J., (1993). “An international perspective on the barriers to the advancement of women managers”, Applied Psychology, 42 (4), 289-300.
  • Akpınar-Sposito, C., (2013). “The Glass Ceiling: Structural, Cultural And Organizational Career Barriers for French and Turkish Women Executıves”, Le 24ème congrès de l’AGRH, Paris.
  • Anh, H. T. L., (2019). “How Can the Embodiment of Women Leadership Alter the Stereotypically Masculine Schema for Leadership?”, VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business, 35 (5E), 26-37.
  • Asoy, E., (2018). “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ayrimi ve Cam Tavan Sendromu Üzerine Oyun Teorisi Modeli: Cam Tavanin Kirildiği Oyun Dengesi”, Marmara Üniversitesi Kadın ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 85-95.
  • Baroudi, J. J. and Truman, G. E. (1992). “Gender Differences in the Information Systems Managerial Ranks: An Assessment of Discriminatory Practices”, NYU Working Paper, No. IS-92-05.
  • Bektur, Ç. and Arzova, S. B., (2020). “The effect of women managers in the board of directors of companies on the integrated reporting: example of Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) Sustainability Index”, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment.
  • Billing, Y. D. and Alvesson, M., (1994). “Gender, managers, and organizations” (Vol. 50). Walter de Gruyter.
  • Burkhardt, K., Nguyen, P. and Poincelot, E., (2020). “Agents of change: Women in top management and corporate environmental”. performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental, 27 (4), 1591– 1604.
  • Catalyst (Organization). (2007). The double-bind dilemma for women in leadership: Damned if you do, doomed if you don't. Catalyst.
  • De Vaus, D. A., (1990). Surveys in Social Research, Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
  • Dökmen, Z. Y., (2018). Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıklamalar. Remzi Kitabevi
  • Erkal, N., Gangadharan, L. and Xiao, E., (2022). “Leadership selection: Can changing the default break the glass ceiling?”, The Leadership Quarterly, 33 (2), 101563.
  • Estler, S.E., (1975). “Women as leaders in public education.Signs”, Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1 (2), 363-386.
  • Evetts, J., (2000). “Analyzing change in women's careers: Culture, structure and action dimensions. Gender”, Work & Organization, 7(1), 57-67.
  • Ezzedeen, S. and Ritchey, K., (2009). “Career advancement and family balance strategies of executive women”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(6), 388-411.
  • Field, A., (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3. Baskı, London: SAGE Publications.
  • Gersick, C. and Kram, K., (2002). “High achieving women at midlife: an exploratory study”, Journal of Management Inquiry, 11 (2), 104-127.
  • Gliem, J. A. and Gliem, R. R., (2003). “Calculating, Interpreting, and Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Likert-Type Scales”, 2003 Midwest Research to Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, 82-88.
  • Graafland, J., (2020). “Women in management and sustainable development of SMEs: Do relational environmental management instruments matter?”, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27 (5), 2320-2328.
  • Growe, R. and Montgomery, P., (1999). Women and the leadership paradigm: Bridging the gender gap, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roslin-Growe/publication/242783132_Women_and_the_leadership_paradigm_bridging_the_gender_gap/links/575f609508ae414b8e5497d7/Women-and-the-leadership-paradigm-bridging-the-gender-gap.pdf, May 2, 2021.
  • Güriş, S. and Astar, M., (2015). SPSS ile İstatistik, 2. Basım, Der Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ikeji C., Utulu P. and Adeyemi J., (2012). “Women and Political Office Holding In Cross River State of Nigeria: A Study of Cultural Barriers”, Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 2 (4), 1-10.
  • Jauhar, J. and Lau, V., (2018). “The ‘Glass Ceiling’ and Women’s Career Advancement to Top Management: The Moderating Effect of Social Support”, Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 10(1), 163-178.
  • Kanter, R. M., (1989). “Work and family in the United States: A critical review and agenda for research and policy”, Family Business Review, 2(1), 77-114.
  • Kaya, Y. and Tamer, G. (2022). “Strategies of Turkishwomen Managers for Overcoming the Glass Ceiling”, Istanbul Gelişim University İİSBF SosyoCom Monthly Events and News Bulletin, February 2022(14).
  • Koçyiğit, Y. and Tabak, A., (2020). “The Interaction Among Organizational Flexibility, Competitive Strategy and Competitive Advantage: A Path Analytic Study”, in Bülent Akkaya (Eds.) Agile Business Leadership Methods for Industry 4.0, England: Emerald.
  • La¨msa¨, A-M. and Hiillos, M., (2008), “Career counselling for women managers at mid-career: developing an autobiographical approach”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23 (6), 395-408.
  • Lepine, I. (1992), “Making their way in the organization: women managers in Quebec”, Women in Management Review, 7 (3), 17-21. Lewis, P., Saunders, M., & Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methodology for Business Students, New York: Pearson Education.
  • Lin, N., (1976). Foundations of Social Research, McGraw-Hill, USA
  • Lorcu, F., (2015). Örneklerle Veri Analizi SPSS Uygulamalı, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Macarie, F., and Moldovan, O., (2012), “Gender discrimination in management: Theoretical and empirical perspectives”, Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, (35E), 153-172.
  • Mainiero, L.A. and Sullivan, S.E., (2005), “Kaleidoscope careers: an alternate explanation for the ‘opt-out’ revolution”, Academy of Management Executive, 19, 106-23.
  • Makochekanwa, A. and Nchake, M.A., (2019), “Do Female Managers Affect Productivity? Evidence from Zimbabwean Manufacturing Firms”. African Development Review, 31 (3), 364-379.
  • Nakagawa, Y. and Schreiber, G. M. (2014). Women As Drivers Of Japanese Firms Success: The Effect Of Women Managers And Gender Diversity On Firm Performance. Journal of Diversity Management (JDM), 9 (1), 19-40.
  • Nations, U., (2022). “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022”, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/SDG2022_Flipbook_final.pdf, 16.06.2023
  • Omair, K., (2010), "Typology of career development for Arab women managers in the United Arab Emirates", Career Development International, 15 (2), 121-143.
  • Post, C. and Byron, K., (2015). “Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis”, Academy of Management Journal, 58 (5), 1546-1571.
  • Powell, G.N. and Mainiero, L.M., (1992), “Cross-currents in the river of time: conceptualizing the complexities of women’s careers”, Journal of Management, 18 (2), 215-37.
  • Richardson, C., (1996), “Snakes and ladders? The differing career patterns of male and female accountants”, Women in Management Review, 11 (4), 13-19.
  • Schruijer, S. G., (2006). “Do women want to break the glass ceiling? A study of their career orientations and gender identity in the Netherlands”, Management Revue, 143-154.
  • Seçer, İ., (2015). SPSS ve LISREL ile Pratik Veri Analizi, 2. Baskı, Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Sullivan, C. and Lewis, S., (2001). “Home‐based telework, gender, and the synchronization of work and family: perspectives of teleworkers and their co‐residents”, Gender, Work & Organization, 8 (2), 123-145.
  • Tabak, A., Sığrı, Ü. and Türköz, T., (2013). “Öz Liderlik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması Çalışması”, Bilig, Sayı:67, 213-246.
  • Tahtalıoğlu, H., (2016). “Türkiye’de Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınlar Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9 (2), 89-105.
  • Taşkın, K., (2017). “Relationship between Glass Ceiling Syndrome and Self-Efficacy; in Health Sector”, European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(3), 84-87.
  • Terborg, J. R., and Ilgen, D. R., (1975). “A theoretical approach to sex discrimination in traditionally masculine occupations”, Organizational behavior and human performance, 13(3), 352-376.
  • Webster, J., Beehr, T. A. and Elacqua, T. C., (2011). “The advancement of women at work: The continued struggle to break the glass ceiling”, Women as transformational leaders: From grassroots to global interests, 1, 69-94.
  • White, B., (1995), “The career development of successful women”, Women in Management Review, 10 (3), 4-15.
  • Williams, B., Onsman, A. and Brown, T., (2010). “Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Five-Step of Guide for Novices”, Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care, 8(3). Article 990399.

STRATEGIES FOR BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING: THE STUDY OF SCALE DEVELOPMENT

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 277 - 293, 20.10.2023

Yeşim Kaya

https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1351337

Abstract

The aim of this study is to conduct validity and reliability analyses in order to develop a scale tool on the strategies broken the glass ceiling of women managers. By the help of literature and a prior study in which was examine the women strategies for breaking glass ceiling via qualitative research method, the statements pool of 68 items was created. Following pilot study, a scale form consisting of 57 items was obtained. The scale was submitted women managers, and a total of 403 forms completed by women senior manager employed in 34 different sectors in İstanbul province obtained. By means of SPSS and AMOS software programs, factor analyses were conducted to analysis the structural validity of the scale. As a result of the analyses conduted, it was created the scale of the strategies for breaking glass ceiling with eight dimensions named as promotion and female-specific reactions, psychological resilience for success, sacrifices and using of government supports, encouragers for career, institutional supports for career, avoiding from conflict and developing hobbies for network, restrictions for appearance, time management for responsibilities. The eight-factor structure of the scale has been confirmed by means of confirmative factor model and data set. Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated for each dimension of the scale.

Keywords

Glass ceiling breaking glass ceiling scale development strategy

Project Number

DUP-170220-YK

References

  • “Sustainable Development Indicators 2010-2019”, (2021). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sustainable-Development-Indicators-2010-2019-37194, 20.04.2021
  • “World's Women 2020”, (2021). https://worlds-women-2020-data-undesa.hub.arcgis.com/app/0d1ff2530f17451bb8437c6ea584282e, 20.04.2021
  • Adams, R. B. and Funk, P., (2012). “Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter?”, Management science, 58(2), 219-235.
  • Adler, N. J., (1993). “An international perspective on the barriers to the advancement of women managers”, Applied Psychology, 42 (4), 289-300.
  • Akpınar-Sposito, C., (2013). “The Glass Ceiling: Structural, Cultural And Organizational Career Barriers for French and Turkish Women Executıves”, Le 24ème congrès de l’AGRH, Paris.
  • Anh, H. T. L., (2019). “How Can the Embodiment of Women Leadership Alter the Stereotypically Masculine Schema for Leadership?”, VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business, 35 (5E), 26-37.
  • Asoy, E., (2018). “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ayrimi ve Cam Tavan Sendromu Üzerine Oyun Teorisi Modeli: Cam Tavanin Kirildiği Oyun Dengesi”, Marmara Üniversitesi Kadın ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 85-95.
  • Baroudi, J. J. and Truman, G. E. (1992). “Gender Differences in the Information Systems Managerial Ranks: An Assessment of Discriminatory Practices”, NYU Working Paper, No. IS-92-05.
  • Bektur, Ç. and Arzova, S. B., (2020). “The effect of women managers in the board of directors of companies on the integrated reporting: example of Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) Sustainability Index”, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment.
  • Billing, Y. D. and Alvesson, M., (1994). “Gender, managers, and organizations” (Vol. 50). Walter de Gruyter.
  • Burkhardt, K., Nguyen, P. and Poincelot, E., (2020). “Agents of change: Women in top management and corporate environmental”. performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental, 27 (4), 1591– 1604.
  • Catalyst (Organization). (2007). The double-bind dilemma for women in leadership: Damned if you do, doomed if you don't. Catalyst.
  • De Vaus, D. A., (1990). Surveys in Social Research, Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
  • Dökmen, Z. Y., (2018). Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıklamalar. Remzi Kitabevi
  • Erkal, N., Gangadharan, L. and Xiao, E., (2022). “Leadership selection: Can changing the default break the glass ceiling?”, The Leadership Quarterly, 33 (2), 101563.
  • Estler, S.E., (1975). “Women as leaders in public education.Signs”, Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1 (2), 363-386.
  • Evetts, J., (2000). “Analyzing change in women's careers: Culture, structure and action dimensions. Gender”, Work & Organization, 7(1), 57-67.
  • Ezzedeen, S. and Ritchey, K., (2009). “Career advancement and family balance strategies of executive women”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(6), 388-411.
  • Field, A., (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3. Baskı, London: SAGE Publications.
  • Gersick, C. and Kram, K., (2002). “High achieving women at midlife: an exploratory study”, Journal of Management Inquiry, 11 (2), 104-127.
  • Gliem, J. A. and Gliem, R. R., (2003). “Calculating, Interpreting, and Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Likert-Type Scales”, 2003 Midwest Research to Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, 82-88.
  • Graafland, J., (2020). “Women in management and sustainable development of SMEs: Do relational environmental management instruments matter?”, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27 (5), 2320-2328.
  • Growe, R. and Montgomery, P., (1999). Women and the leadership paradigm: Bridging the gender gap, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roslin-Growe/publication/242783132_Women_and_the_leadership_paradigm_bridging_the_gender_gap/links/575f609508ae414b8e5497d7/Women-and-the-leadership-paradigm-bridging-the-gender-gap.pdf, May 2, 2021.
  • Güriş, S. and Astar, M., (2015). SPSS ile İstatistik, 2. Basım, Der Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ikeji C., Utulu P. and Adeyemi J., (2012). “Women and Political Office Holding In Cross River State of Nigeria: A Study of Cultural Barriers”, Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 2 (4), 1-10.
  • Jauhar, J. and Lau, V., (2018). “The ‘Glass Ceiling’ and Women’s Career Advancement to Top Management: The Moderating Effect of Social Support”, Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 10(1), 163-178.
  • Kanter, R. M., (1989). “Work and family in the United States: A critical review and agenda for research and policy”, Family Business Review, 2(1), 77-114.
  • Kaya, Y. and Tamer, G. (2022). “Strategies of Turkishwomen Managers for Overcoming the Glass Ceiling”, Istanbul Gelişim University İİSBF SosyoCom Monthly Events and News Bulletin, February 2022(14).
  • Koçyiğit, Y. and Tabak, A., (2020). “The Interaction Among Organizational Flexibility, Competitive Strategy and Competitive Advantage: A Path Analytic Study”, in Bülent Akkaya (Eds.) Agile Business Leadership Methods for Industry 4.0, England: Emerald.
  • La¨msa¨, A-M. and Hiillos, M., (2008), “Career counselling for women managers at mid-career: developing an autobiographical approach”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23 (6), 395-408.
  • Lepine, I. (1992), “Making their way in the organization: women managers in Quebec”, Women in Management Review, 7 (3), 17-21. Lewis, P., Saunders, M., & Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methodology for Business Students, New York: Pearson Education.
  • Lin, N., (1976). Foundations of Social Research, McGraw-Hill, USA
  • Lorcu, F., (2015). Örneklerle Veri Analizi SPSS Uygulamalı, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Macarie, F., and Moldovan, O., (2012), “Gender discrimination in management: Theoretical and empirical perspectives”, Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, (35E), 153-172.
  • Mainiero, L.A. and Sullivan, S.E., (2005), “Kaleidoscope careers: an alternate explanation for the ‘opt-out’ revolution”, Academy of Management Executive, 19, 106-23.
  • Makochekanwa, A. and Nchake, M.A., (2019), “Do Female Managers Affect Productivity? Evidence from Zimbabwean Manufacturing Firms”. African Development Review, 31 (3), 364-379.
  • Nakagawa, Y. and Schreiber, G. M. (2014). Women As Drivers Of Japanese Firms Success: The Effect Of Women Managers And Gender Diversity On Firm Performance. Journal of Diversity Management (JDM), 9 (1), 19-40.
  • Nations, U., (2022). “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022”, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/SDG2022_Flipbook_final.pdf, 16.06.2023
  • Omair, K., (2010), "Typology of career development for Arab women managers in the United Arab Emirates", Career Development International, 15 (2), 121-143.
  • Post, C. and Byron, K., (2015). “Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis”, Academy of Management Journal, 58 (5), 1546-1571.
  • Powell, G.N. and Mainiero, L.M., (1992), “Cross-currents in the river of time: conceptualizing the complexities of women’s careers”, Journal of Management, 18 (2), 215-37.
  • Richardson, C., (1996), “Snakes and ladders? The differing career patterns of male and female accountants”, Women in Management Review, 11 (4), 13-19.
  • Schruijer, S. G., (2006). “Do women want to break the glass ceiling? A study of their career orientations and gender identity in the Netherlands”, Management Revue, 143-154.
  • Seçer, İ., (2015). SPSS ve LISREL ile Pratik Veri Analizi, 2. Baskı, Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Sullivan, C. and Lewis, S., (2001). “Home‐based telework, gender, and the synchronization of work and family: perspectives of teleworkers and their co‐residents”, Gender, Work & Organization, 8 (2), 123-145.
  • Tabak, A., Sığrı, Ü. and Türköz, T., (2013). “Öz Liderlik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması Çalışması”, Bilig, Sayı:67, 213-246.
  • Tahtalıoğlu, H., (2016). “Türkiye’de Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınlar Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9 (2), 89-105.
  • Taşkın, K., (2017). “Relationship between Glass Ceiling Syndrome and Self-Efficacy; in Health Sector”, European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(3), 84-87.
  • Terborg, J. R., and Ilgen, D. R., (1975). “A theoretical approach to sex discrimination in traditionally masculine occupations”, Organizational behavior and human performance, 13(3), 352-376.
  • Webster, J., Beehr, T. A. and Elacqua, T. C., (2011). “The advancement of women at work: The continued struggle to break the glass ceiling”, Women as transformational leaders: From grassroots to global interests, 1, 69-94.
  • White, B., (1995), “The career development of successful women”, Women in Management Review, 10 (3), 4-15.
  • Williams, B., Onsman, A. and Brown, T., (2010). “Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Five-Step of Guide for Novices”, Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care, 8(3). Article 990399.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Human Geography (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yeşim Kaya 0000-0003-2192-8492

Project Number DUP-170220-YK
Publication Date October 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kaya, Y. (2023). STRATEGIES FOR BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING: THE STUDY OF SCALE DEVELOPMENT. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(3), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1351337
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