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Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı - Special Issue for the 100th Anniversary of the Republic of Türkiye, 157 - 170, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1321724

Abstract

Son yıllarda ‘’yeşil büyüme’’ kavramı uluslararası alanda pek çok ülke tarafından açık bir politika hedefi olarak benimsenmektedir. Bu nedenle mevcut literatür yeşil büyümenin dinamiklerini tespit etmek amacıyla hızla genişlemektedir. Buradan hareket ederek bu çalışmada, 1970-2020 döneminde Türkiye’de fosil yakıt tüketimi, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik küreselleşmenin ülkenin yeşil büyümesi üzerindeki asimetrik etkileri doğrusal olmayan otoregresif dağıtılmış gecikme (Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag-NARDL) yaklaşımı ile analiz edilmektedir. Ampirik bulgular; değişkenler arasında doğrusal olmayan bir eşbütünleşme ilişkinin varlığını doğrulamaktadır. Buna göre; uzun dönemde fosil enerji tüketimindeki pozitif şoklar yeşil büyümeyi baskılayıcı bir etki yaratırken, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi pozitif ve negatif şoklardaki asimetrik etkilerle yeşil büyümeyi teşvik etmektedir. Ekonomik küreselleşme ise uzun dönemde yeşil büyüme üzerinde anlamlı bir etki yaratmamaktadır. Kısa dönemde ise, fosil enerji tüketimindeki ve ekonomik küreselleşmedeki negatif şoklar yeşil büyüme üzerinde olumsuz bir etki yaratmaktadır. Bu bulgular, Türkiye’de yeşil büyümeye dönüşüm için enerji bileşiminin fosil yakıtlardan yenilenebilir enerjiye doğru kaydırılmasının önemini açıkça ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • Ahmad, M. ve Wu, Y. (2022). Combined role of green productivity growth, economic globalization, and eco- innovation in achieving ecological sustainability for OECD economies. Journal of Environmental Management, 302, 113980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113980
  • Ahmed, M., Hafeez, M., Kaium, M. A., Ullah, S. ve Ahmad, H. (2023). Do environmental technology and banking sector development matter for green growth? Evidence from top-polluted economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 14760-14769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23153-y
  • Akadiri, S. S. ve Adebayo, T. S. (2022). Asymmetric nexus among financial globalization, non-renewable energy, renewable energy use, economic growth, and carbon emissions: impact on environmental sustainability targets in India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(11), 16311-16323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16849-0
  • Amigues, J. P. ve Moreaux, M. (2019). Competing land uses and fossil fuel, and optimal energy conversion rates during the transition toward a green economy under a pollution stock constraint. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 97, 92-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.03.006
  • Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. ve Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single- equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
  • British Petroleum. (BP) (2023). Statistical Review of World Energy. Erişim adresi: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
  • Cao, J., Law, S. H., Samad, A.R.B.A., Mohamad, W.N.B.W., Wang, J. ve Yang, X. (2022). Effect of financial development and technological innovation on green growth-Analysis based on spatial Durbin model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 365, 132865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132865
  • Chen, R., Ramzan, M., Hafeez, M. ve Ullah, S. (2023). Green innovation-green growth nexus in BRICS: Does financial globalization matter?. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(1), 100286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100286
  • Danish ve Ulucak, R. (2020). How do environmental technologies affect green growth? Evidence from BRICS economies. Science of the Total Environment, 712, 136504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136504
  • Fu, F. ve Ullah, S. (2023). Toward green growth in China: The role of green finance investment, technological capital, and renewable energy consumption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 72664- 72674.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27205-9
  • Global Green Growth Institute. (2014). Green growth concepts and definitions. Working Paper. Component 1B: Green Growth Tools Government of Indonesia - GGGI Green Growth Program.
  • Hallegatte, S., Heal, G., Fay, M. ve Treguer, D. (2012). From growth to green growth- A framework. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 17841.Erişim adresi: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17841
  • Hassan, M. S., Meo, M. S., Abd Karim, M. Z. ve Arshed, N. (2020). Prospects of environmental kuznets curve and green growth in developed and developing economies. Studies of Applied Economics, 38(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v38i3.3367
  • Hickel, J. ve Kallis, G. (2019). Is green growth possible?. New Political Economy, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964
  • Hille, E., Shahbaz, M. ve Moosa, I. (2019). The impact of FDI on regional air pollution in the Republic of Korea: Away ahead to achieve the green growth strategy?. Energy Economics, 81, 308-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.04.004
  • Huberty, M., Gao, H., Mandell, J. ve Zysman, J. (2011). Shaping the green growth economy. Berkeley, C.A.: Green Growth Leaders Erişim adresi: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php? page=view&type=400&nr=691&menu=1515
  • Jacobs, M. (2012). Green growth: economic theory and political discourse. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 108
  • KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2023). KOF Globalization Index. Erişim adresi: https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts- and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html
  • Lu, X. ve Yan, K. (2023). Unleashing the dynamic and nonlinear relationship among new-type urbanization, foreign direct investment, and inclusive green growth in China: An environmental sustainability perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(12), 33287-33297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022- 24503-6
  • Naimoğlu, M. (2022). Yenilenebilir enerji kullanımının yeşil büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Yükselen ekonomiler örneği. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 22(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1077576
  • OECD (2023). Green Growth and Sustainable Development. What is green growth and how can it help deliver sustainable development? https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/
  • Ofori, I. K. ve Figari, F. (2023). Economic globalization and inclusive green growth in Africa: Contingencies and policy relevant thresholds of governance. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 452-482. DOI: 10.1002/sd.2403
  • Pan, W., Pan, W., Hu, C., Tu, H., Zhao, C., Yu, D., ... ve Zheng, G. (2019). Assessing the green economy in China: An improved framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 680-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.267
  • Pesaran, M. H.,Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. DOI: 10.1002/jac.616
  • Pineiro-Chousa, J., Vizcaíno-González, M. ve Caby, J. (2018). Financial development and standardized reporting: A comparison among developed, emerging, and frontier markets. Journal of Business Research, 101, 797-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.012
  • Raihan, A. (2023). Toward sustainable and green development in Chile: dynamic influences of carbon emission reduction variables. Innovation and Green Development, 2(2), 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100038
  • Raihan, A., Pavel, M. I., Muhtasim, D. A., Farhana, S., Faruk, O. ve Paul, A. (2023). The role of renewable energy use, technological innovation, and forest cover toward green development: Evidence from Indonesia. Innovation and Green Development, 2(1), 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100035
  • Shahbaz, M. ,Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K. ve Sadorsky, P. (2016). The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development. Energy Economics, 55, 52-68. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.01.013
  • Shang, Y., Lian, Y., Chen, H. ve Qian, F. (2023). The impacts of energy resource and tourism on green growth: Evidence from Asian economies. Resources Policy, 81, 103359.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103359
  • She, W. ve Mabrouk, F. (2023). Impact of natural resources and globalization on green economic recovery: Role of FDI and green innovations in BRICS economies. Resources Policy, 82, 103479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103479
  • Shin, Y.,Yu, B. ve Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt (pp. 281-314). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9
  • T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2023). Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (EİGM) Raporları. Erişim adresi: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-raporlari
  • Tawiah, V., Zakari, A. ve Adedoyin, F. F. (2021). Determinants of green growth in developed and developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 39227-39242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021- 13429-0
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2011). Towards a green economy: Pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication - A Synthesis for policymakers,. Erişim adresi: www.unep.org/greeneconomy
  • United Nations (2023). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Sustainable Development. Erişim adresi: https://sdgs.un.org/goals
  • Wang, M., Ding, X. ve Choi, B. (2023). FDI or International-trade-driven green growth of 24 Korean manufacturing industries? Evidence from heterogeneous panel based on non-causality test. Sustainability, 15(7), 5753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075753
  • Wei, S., Jiandong, W. ve Saleem, H. (2023). The impact of renewable energy transition, green growth, green trade and green innovation on environmental quality: Evidence from top 10 green future countries. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1076859. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1076859
  • World Bank. (2012). Inclusive green growth: The pathway to sustainable development. Washington, DC. Erişim adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6058
  • World Bank (2023a). Green growth for sustainable development. Erişim adresi: https://www.worldbank.org/en/search?q=green+growth+fo+sustainable+development
  • World Bank. (2023b). World Development Indicators. Erişim adresi: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  • World Bank. (2023c). Databank, Metadata Glossary. Erişim adresi: https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development- indicators/series/EN.ATM.CO2E.EG.ZS
  • Xiao, D., Gao, L., Xu, L., Wang, Z. ve Wei, W. (2023). Revisiting the green growth effect of foreign direct investment from the perspective of environmental regulation: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2655.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032655
  • Xu, B., Chen, W., Zhang, G., Wang, J., Ping, W., Luo, L. ve Chen, J. (2020). How to achieve green growth in China’s agricultural sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122770
  • Zafar, M., Kousar, S. ve Sabir, S. A. (2019). Impact of globalization on green growth: A case of OECD Countries. Journal of Indian Studies, 5(2), 231-244.

Do Energy Consumption by Source and Economic Globalization Support Green Growth in Turkey? Empirical Findings from the Last 50 Years

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı - Special Issue for the 100th Anniversary of the Republic of Türkiye, 157 - 170, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1321724

Abstract

In recent years, the concept of ‘’green growth’’ has been adopted as a clear policy target by many countries in the international area. Therefore, the current literature is expanding rapidly to identify the dynamics of green growth. From this point of view, in this study, the asymmetric effects of fossil fuel consumption, renewable energy consumption and economic globalization on the green growth are analyzed with the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach in the period 1970-2020 in Turkey. Empirical findings confirm the existence of a nonlinear cointegration relationship between the variables. According to this; in the long run, while positive shocks in fossil energy consumption create a suppressive effect on green growth, renewable energy consumption encourages green growth with asymmetric effects in positive and negative shocks. Economic globalization, on the other hand, does not have a significant effect on green growth in the long run. In the short run, negative shocks in both fossil energy consumption and economic globalization have a distorting effect on green growth. These findings clearly demonstrate the importance of shifting the energy mix from fossil fuels to renewable energy for the transition to green growth in Turkey.

References

  • Ahmad, M. ve Wu, Y. (2022). Combined role of green productivity growth, economic globalization, and eco- innovation in achieving ecological sustainability for OECD economies. Journal of Environmental Management, 302, 113980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113980
  • Ahmed, M., Hafeez, M., Kaium, M. A., Ullah, S. ve Ahmad, H. (2023). Do environmental technology and banking sector development matter for green growth? Evidence from top-polluted economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 14760-14769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23153-y
  • Akadiri, S. S. ve Adebayo, T. S. (2022). Asymmetric nexus among financial globalization, non-renewable energy, renewable energy use, economic growth, and carbon emissions: impact on environmental sustainability targets in India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(11), 16311-16323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16849-0
  • Amigues, J. P. ve Moreaux, M. (2019). Competing land uses and fossil fuel, and optimal energy conversion rates during the transition toward a green economy under a pollution stock constraint. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 97, 92-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.03.006
  • Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. ve Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single- equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
  • British Petroleum. (BP) (2023). Statistical Review of World Energy. Erişim adresi: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
  • Cao, J., Law, S. H., Samad, A.R.B.A., Mohamad, W.N.B.W., Wang, J. ve Yang, X. (2022). Effect of financial development and technological innovation on green growth-Analysis based on spatial Durbin model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 365, 132865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132865
  • Chen, R., Ramzan, M., Hafeez, M. ve Ullah, S. (2023). Green innovation-green growth nexus in BRICS: Does financial globalization matter?. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(1), 100286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100286
  • Danish ve Ulucak, R. (2020). How do environmental technologies affect green growth? Evidence from BRICS economies. Science of the Total Environment, 712, 136504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136504
  • Fu, F. ve Ullah, S. (2023). Toward green growth in China: The role of green finance investment, technological capital, and renewable energy consumption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 72664- 72674.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27205-9
  • Global Green Growth Institute. (2014). Green growth concepts and definitions. Working Paper. Component 1B: Green Growth Tools Government of Indonesia - GGGI Green Growth Program.
  • Hallegatte, S., Heal, G., Fay, M. ve Treguer, D. (2012). From growth to green growth- A framework. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 17841.Erişim adresi: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17841
  • Hassan, M. S., Meo, M. S., Abd Karim, M. Z. ve Arshed, N. (2020). Prospects of environmental kuznets curve and green growth in developed and developing economies. Studies of Applied Economics, 38(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v38i3.3367
  • Hickel, J. ve Kallis, G. (2019). Is green growth possible?. New Political Economy, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964
  • Hille, E., Shahbaz, M. ve Moosa, I. (2019). The impact of FDI on regional air pollution in the Republic of Korea: Away ahead to achieve the green growth strategy?. Energy Economics, 81, 308-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.04.004
  • Huberty, M., Gao, H., Mandell, J. ve Zysman, J. (2011). Shaping the green growth economy. Berkeley, C.A.: Green Growth Leaders Erişim adresi: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php? page=view&type=400&nr=691&menu=1515
  • Jacobs, M. (2012). Green growth: economic theory and political discourse. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 108
  • KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2023). KOF Globalization Index. Erişim adresi: https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts- and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html
  • Lu, X. ve Yan, K. (2023). Unleashing the dynamic and nonlinear relationship among new-type urbanization, foreign direct investment, and inclusive green growth in China: An environmental sustainability perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(12), 33287-33297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022- 24503-6
  • Naimoğlu, M. (2022). Yenilenebilir enerji kullanımının yeşil büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Yükselen ekonomiler örneği. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 22(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1077576
  • OECD (2023). Green Growth and Sustainable Development. What is green growth and how can it help deliver sustainable development? https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/
  • Ofori, I. K. ve Figari, F. (2023). Economic globalization and inclusive green growth in Africa: Contingencies and policy relevant thresholds of governance. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 452-482. DOI: 10.1002/sd.2403
  • Pan, W., Pan, W., Hu, C., Tu, H., Zhao, C., Yu, D., ... ve Zheng, G. (2019). Assessing the green economy in China: An improved framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 680-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.267
  • Pesaran, M. H.,Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. DOI: 10.1002/jac.616
  • Pineiro-Chousa, J., Vizcaíno-González, M. ve Caby, J. (2018). Financial development and standardized reporting: A comparison among developed, emerging, and frontier markets. Journal of Business Research, 101, 797-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.012
  • Raihan, A. (2023). Toward sustainable and green development in Chile: dynamic influences of carbon emission reduction variables. Innovation and Green Development, 2(2), 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100038
  • Raihan, A., Pavel, M. I., Muhtasim, D. A., Farhana, S., Faruk, O. ve Paul, A. (2023). The role of renewable energy use, technological innovation, and forest cover toward green development: Evidence from Indonesia. Innovation and Green Development, 2(1), 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100035
  • Shahbaz, M. ,Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K. ve Sadorsky, P. (2016). The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development. Energy Economics, 55, 52-68. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.01.013
  • Shang, Y., Lian, Y., Chen, H. ve Qian, F. (2023). The impacts of energy resource and tourism on green growth: Evidence from Asian economies. Resources Policy, 81, 103359.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103359
  • She, W. ve Mabrouk, F. (2023). Impact of natural resources and globalization on green economic recovery: Role of FDI and green innovations in BRICS economies. Resources Policy, 82, 103479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103479
  • Shin, Y.,Yu, B. ve Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt (pp. 281-314). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9
  • T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2023). Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (EİGM) Raporları. Erişim adresi: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-raporlari
  • Tawiah, V., Zakari, A. ve Adedoyin, F. F. (2021). Determinants of green growth in developed and developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 39227-39242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021- 13429-0
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2011). Towards a green economy: Pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication - A Synthesis for policymakers,. Erişim adresi: www.unep.org/greeneconomy
  • United Nations (2023). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Sustainable Development. Erişim adresi: https://sdgs.un.org/goals
  • Wang, M., Ding, X. ve Choi, B. (2023). FDI or International-trade-driven green growth of 24 Korean manufacturing industries? Evidence from heterogeneous panel based on non-causality test. Sustainability, 15(7), 5753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075753
  • Wei, S., Jiandong, W. ve Saleem, H. (2023). The impact of renewable energy transition, green growth, green trade and green innovation on environmental quality: Evidence from top 10 green future countries. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1076859. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1076859
  • World Bank. (2012). Inclusive green growth: The pathway to sustainable development. Washington, DC. Erişim adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6058
  • World Bank (2023a). Green growth for sustainable development. Erişim adresi: https://www.worldbank.org/en/search?q=green+growth+fo+sustainable+development
  • World Bank. (2023b). World Development Indicators. Erişim adresi: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  • World Bank. (2023c). Databank, Metadata Glossary. Erişim adresi: https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development- indicators/series/EN.ATM.CO2E.EG.ZS
  • Xiao, D., Gao, L., Xu, L., Wang, Z. ve Wei, W. (2023). Revisiting the green growth effect of foreign direct investment from the perspective of environmental regulation: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2655.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032655
  • Xu, B., Chen, W., Zhang, G., Wang, J., Ping, W., Luo, L. ve Chen, J. (2020). How to achieve green growth in China’s agricultural sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122770
  • Zafar, M., Kousar, S. ve Sabir, S. A. (2019). Impact of globalization on green growth: A case of OECD Countries. Journal of Indian Studies, 5(2), 231-244.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ecological Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kumru Türköz 0000-0002-0640-4212

Publication Date October 25, 2023
Submission Date July 2, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı - Special Issue for the 100th Anniversary of the Republic of Türkiye

Cite

APA Türköz, K. (2023). Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1321724
AMA Türköz K. Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular. MJSS. October 2023;12(Özel Sayı):157-170. doi:10.33206/mjss.1321724
Chicago Türköz, Kumru. “Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi Ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12, no. Özel Sayı (October 2023): 157-70. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1321724.
EndNote Türköz K (October 1, 2023) Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12 Özel Sayı 157–170.
IEEE K. Türköz, “Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular”, MJSS, vol. 12, no. Özel Sayı, pp. 157–170, 2023, doi: 10.33206/mjss.1321724.
ISNAD Türköz, Kumru. “Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi Ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12/Özel Sayı (October 2023), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1321724.
JAMA Türköz K. Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular. MJSS. 2023;12:157–170.
MLA Türköz, Kumru. “Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi Ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 12, no. Özel Sayı, 2023, pp. 157-70, doi:10.33206/mjss.1321724.
Vancouver Türköz K. Türkiye’de Kaynaklara göre Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Küreselleşme Yeşil Büyümeyi Destekliyor Mu? Son 50 Yıldan Ampirik Bulgular. MJSS. 2023;12(Özel Sayı):157-70.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies