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The Understanding of Creation and Organization of Divine Hierarchy according to Memphis Theology in Ancient Egypt

Year 2021, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 239 - 263, 31.12.2021

Ercüment Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.959743
Cited By: 2

Abstract

In Ancient Egypt, where life was regulated by faith, theological understandings were the determining factor from the administration of the kingdom to the life of the individual. The Ancient Egyptian society, which was ruled by a central political power since 3100 BC, has maintained its belief and culture in an isolated geography surrounded by deserts for millennia without being exposed to any external influence. As a result of the political and cultural changes experienced in this long process, there have been transformations in the understanding of belief. With the Theologies of Memphis, Heliopolis, Hermopolis and Thebes, which were created by the classification of modern Egyptologists, the belief formation that emerged with these transformations was tried to be defined. Although every theological understanding in Ancient Egypt has a unique creation narrative and divine hierarchy, our study is limited to Memphis Theology. Memphis Theology, which emerged in the period when Ancient Egypt gathered under a common administration and the central culture began to spread, created a belief understanding that appeals to the entire Egyptian society with its inclusiveness. This understanding of belief lasted for millennia and Shabaka who was one of the kings of the twenty-fifth dynasty, re-copied the creation narrative of Memphis Theology in the 7th century BC, and brought it to the present day. This study aims to examine the creation narrative in Memphis Theology in comparison with the general belief system of Egypt, based on the extensive literature on the understanding of belief in Ancient Egypt, and to reveal the changes in the divine hierarchy.

Keywords

Ancient Egypt Creation Memphis Theology Ptah.

References

  • Adams, Barbara and Cialowicz, K. M. Protodynastic Egypt. London: Shire Publishing, 1997.
  • Adams, Barbara. Predynastic Egypt. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1988.
  • Alford, A. F. The Midnight Sun: The Death and Rebirth of God in Ancient Egypt. Walsall: Eridu Books, 2004.
  • Allen, J. P. Middle Egyptian: An Int¬roduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • AlSayyad, Nezar. Nile: Urban Histories on the Banks of a River. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019.
  • Amiran, Ruth. “Note on One Sign in the Narmer Palette.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 7 (1968): 127.
  • Anthes, Rudolf. “Egyptian Theology in the Third Millennium B. C.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 18, no.3 (1959): 169 – 212.
  • Arnold, D., Haeny, G., Bell, L., Finnestad, R. B. Temples of Ancient Egypt. New York: Cornell University Press, 1997.
  • Assmann, Jan “Creation Through Hieroglyphs: The Cosmic Grammatology Of Ancient Egypt.” in The Poetics of Grammar and the Metaphysics of Sound and Sign, ed. Sergio La Porta and David Shulman, 15 – 34. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
  • Assmann, Jan. “Monotheism and Poly¬theism.” in Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide, ed. Sarah Iles Jhonston, 17 – 31. Harvard: Harward University Press, 2004.
  • Assmann, Jan. The Mind of Egyprt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Phara¬ohs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  • Bard, K. A. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
  • Bauval, Robert. The Egypt Code. New York: Disinformation Press, 2007.
  • Bianchi, Ugo. The History of Religions. Leiden: Brill, 1975.
  • Bleeker, C. J. Hathor and Thoth: Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion. Leiden: Brill, 1973.
  • Bodine, Joshua J. “The Shabaka Stone: An Introduction.” Studia Antiqua 7, no.1 (2009), 1 – 21.
  • Breasted, J. H. “The Philosophy of a Memphite Priest.” Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 39, no.1 (1901): 39 – 54.
  • Breasted, J. H. Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt: Lectures Delivered on the Morse Foundation at Union Theological Seminary. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1912.
  • Broadie, A. and Macdonald, J. “The Concept of Cosmic Order in Ancient Egypt in Dynastic and Roman Times.” L’Antiquite Classique 47, no.1 (1978): 106 – 128.
  • Brueggemann, Walter. “Pharaoh as Vassal: A Study of a Political Metaphor.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 57, no.1 (1995): 27 – 51.
  • Castillos, J. J. “Chaos in Ancient Egypt.” Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion 257 (2019): 25 – 36.
  • Černý, Jaroslav. Ancient Egyptian Religion. London: Hutchinson’s University Library, 1952.
  • Covensky, Milton. The Ancient Near Eastern Tradition. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
  • Cruz-Uribe, Eugene. “The Khonsu Cosmogony.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 31 (1994): 169 – 189.
  • David, Rosalie. Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt. London: Penguin, 2002.
  • Davies, Jon. Death, Burial and Rebirth in the Religions of Antiquity. London: Routledge, 2013.
  • Eaton, Katherine. Ancient Egyptian Temple Ritual: Performance, Patterns, and Practice. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • El Hawary, Amr. “New Findings about the Memphite Theology.” in Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists 1. Cilt, ed. Jean-Claude Goyon and Christine Cardin, 567 – 574. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.
  • Ertman, E. L. “The Earliest Known Three-dimensional Representation of the god Ptah.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31, no.2 (1972): 83 – 86.
  • Fassone, Ales¬sia and Ferraris, Enrico. Egypt: Pharaonic Period. California: University of California Press, 2008.
  • Finnestad, R. B. “Ptah, Creator of the Gods: Reconsideration of the Ptah Section of the Denkmal.” Numen 23, no.2 (1976): 81 – 113.
  • Frankfort, Henri. Ancient Egyptian Religion: An Interpretation. New York: Courier Cor¬poration, 2012.
  • García, J. C. M. “Territory, Elite and Power in Ancient Egypt in the 3rd Millennium BCE.” in Experiencing Power, Gene¬rating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, ed. J. A. Hill, Philip Jones, A. J. Morales, 185 – 218. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
  • Goldwasser, Orly. “The Narmer Palette and the “Triumph of Metaphor.” Lingua Aegyptia 2 (1992): 67 – 85.
  • Griffiths, J. G. “Some Remarks on the Enneads of Gods.” Orientalia 28, no.1 (1959): 34 – 56.
  • Hagen, R. M. and Hagen, R. Egypt: People, Gods, Pharaohs. Köln: Tashen Verlag, 1999.
  • Hart, George. A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Hart, George. Egyptian Myths. Texas: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  • Heagy, T. C. “Who was Menes?.” Archéo-Nil 24 (2014): 59 – 92.
  • Hollis, S. T. “Otiose Deities and the Ancient Egyptian Pantheon.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 35 (1998): 61 – 72.
  • Horning, Nicole. Ancient Egypt: The Land of Pyramids and Pharaohs. New York: Greenhaven Publishing, 2017.
  • James, E. O. Creation and Cosmology: A Historical and Comparative Inquiry. Leiden: Brill, 1970.
  • James, E. O. The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study. Leiden: Brill, 1966.
  • John, Baines. “Kingship, Definition of Culture, and Legitimation.” in Ancient Egyptian Kingship: New Investigations, ed. D. B. O’Connor and D. P. Silverman, 3 – 47. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
  • Kamene, Kaba Hiawatha. Shabaka's Stone: An African Theory on the Origin and Continuing Development of the Cosmic Universe. Amazon Digital Services, 2021. Lesko, L. H. “Ancient Egyptian Cosmogonies and Cosmology.” in Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice, ed. B. E. Shafer, 90 – 115. New York: Cornell University Press, 1991.
  • Lichtheim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian Literature A Book of Readings Volume I: The Old And Middle Kingdoms. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
  • Lloyd, A. B. Ancient Egypt: State and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Lurker, Manfred. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Dictionary. London: Thames and Hudson, 1974.
  • Martin, Denise. “Maat and Order in Afri¬can Cosmology: A Conceptual Tool for Understanding Indigenous Knowledge.” Journal of Black Studies 38, no.6 (2008): 951 – 967.
  • Mercer, S. A. B. The Religion of Ancient Egypt. London: Luzac, 1949.
  • Nagy, Essam. “Religion and Power during the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: The Building Activities of the Kushite Kings in Karnak.” in Egyptian Royal Ideology and Kingship under Periods of Foreign Rulers: Case Studies from the First Millennium BC., ed. Julia Budka, 93 – 106. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2019.
  • Ockinga, B. G. “The Memphite Theology – its purpose and date,” in Egyptian Culture and Society: Studies in Honour of Naguib Kanawati, ed. A. Woods, A. McFarlane and S. Binder, 99-117. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2010.
  • Oden, Robert A. “The Contendings of Horus and Seth (Chester Beatty Papyrus No. 1): A Structural Interpretation.” History of Religions 18, no.4 (1979): 352 – 369.
  • Page, Judith and Biles, Ken. Invoking the Egyptian Gods. Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, 2011.
  • Pernigotti, Sergio “Priests.” in The Egyptians, ed. Sergio Donadoni, 121 – 150. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
  • Petrie, W. M. F. The Religion of Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Pinch, Geraldine. Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Pires, Guilherme Borges “The Egyptian Land-Based Layer: Between God(s), Cosmic Sacredness and Fertility Beliefs.” in Current Research in Egyptology 2016: Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium, ed. Julia M. Chyla, 150 – 158. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2017.
  • Pritchard, J. B. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
  • Quirke, Stephen. Exploring Religion in Ancient Egypt. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.
  • Reid, P. V. Readings in Western Religious Thought: The Ancient World. New York: Paulist Press, 1987.
  • Remler, Pat. Egyptian Mythology, A to Z. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010.
  • Ruiz, Ana. The Spirit of Ancient Egypt. New York: Algora Publishing, 2001.
  • Silverman, D. P. “Divinity and Deities in Ancient Egypt.” in Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice, ed. B. E. Shafer, 9 – 20. New York: Cornell University Press, 1991.
  • Silverman, D. P. Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • Spence, Lewis. Ancient Egyptian Myths and Legends. New York: Dover Publications, 1990.
  • Sweeney, Deborah. “Gender and Conversational Tactics in the Contendings of Horus and Seth.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 88, no.1 (2002): 141 – 162.
  • Taylor, Mark C. Refiguring the Spiritual: Beuys, Barney, Turrell, Goldsworthy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
  • Te Velde, Herman. “Relations and Conflicts between Egyptian Gods, Particularly in the Divine Ennead of Heliopolis.” in Struggles of Gods: Papers of the Groningen Working Group for the Study of the History of Religion, ed. H. G. Kippenberg, H. J. W. Drijvers, Y. Kuiper, 239 – 257. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984.
  • Te Velde, Herman. “Some Remarks on the Structure of Egyptian Divine Triads.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 57, no.1 (1971): 80 – 86.
  • Te Velde, Herman. “Theology, Priests, and Worship in Ancient Egypt.” Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 3 (1995): 1731 – 1749.
  • Teeter, Emily. Religion and Ritu¬al in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Tobin, Vincent Arieh. “Mytho-Theology in Ancient Egypt.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 25 (1988): 169 – 83.
  • Traunecker, Claude. The Gods of Egypt. New York: Cornell University Press, 2001.
  • Trigger, B. G. Early Civilizations: An¬cient Egypt in Context. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1993.
  • Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O’Connor, D., Lloyd, A. B. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Van Dijk, Jacobus. “Myth and Mythmaking in Ancient Egypt.” Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 3 (1995): 1697 – 1709.
  • Wainwright, G. A. “The Origin of Amūn.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 49, no.1 (1963), 21 – 23.
  • Wilkinson, R. H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson, 2003.
  • Wilkinson, T. A. H. “What a King Is This: Narmer and the Concept of the Ruler.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 86 (2000): 23 – 32.
  • Yıldırım, Ercüment. Nil’in Tanrı Kralları. İstanbul: Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları, 2019.

Eski Mısır’daki Memfis Teolojisine Göre Yaratılış Anlayışı ve Tanrısal Hiyerarşinin Düzenlenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 239 - 263, 31.12.2021

Ercüment Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.959743
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Yaşamın inanç vasıtasıyla düzenlendiği Eski Mısır’da teolojik anlayışlar, krallığın yönetiminden bireyin yaşantısına kadar belirleyici unsur olmuştur. MÖ 3100’lü yıllardan itibaren merkezi bir siyasi güç tarafından yönetilen Eski Mısır toplumu, çöllerle çevrili izole bir coğrafyada sahip olduğu inancı ve kültürü hiçbir dış etkiye maruz kalmadan binyıllarca sürdürmüştür. Bu uzun süreçte yaşanan siyasi ve kültürel değişimler sonucunda inanç anlayışında dönüşümler yaşanmıştır. Modern Mısır bilimcilerin tasnifi ile oluşturulan Memfis, Heliopolis, Hermopolis ve Teb Teolojileri ile bu dönüşümler ile ortaya çıkan inanç biçimlendirmesi tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Eski Mısır’daki her teolojik anlayışın özgün yaratılış anlatısı ve tanrısal hiyerarşisi bulunmasına rağmen çalışmamız, Memfis Teolojisi ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Eski Mısır’ın ortak bir yönetim altında toplanarak merkezi kültürün yayılmaya başladığı dönemde ortaya çıkan Memfis Teolojisi, sahip olduğu kapsayıcılık ile Mısır toplumun tamamına hitap eden bir inanç anlayışı oluşturmuştur. Bu inanç anlayışı, binyıllar boyunca sürmüş ve yirmi beşinci hanedanın krallarından olan Şabaka, MÖ VII. yüzyılda Memfis Teolojisinin yaratılış anlatısını yeniden kopyalatarak günümüze ulaşmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma, Eski Mısır’daki inanç anlayışı ile ilgili geniş literatürden hareketle, Memfis Teolojisindeki yaratılış anlatısını, Mısır’ın genel inanç sistemi ile mukayeseli olarak inceleyip, tanrısal hiyerarşide meydana gelen değişimleri ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Eski Mısır Yaratılış Memfis Teolojisi Ptah

References

  • Adams, Barbara and Cialowicz, K. M. Protodynastic Egypt. London: Shire Publishing, 1997.
  • Adams, Barbara. Predynastic Egypt. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1988.
  • Alford, A. F. The Midnight Sun: The Death and Rebirth of God in Ancient Egypt. Walsall: Eridu Books, 2004.
  • Allen, J. P. Middle Egyptian: An Int¬roduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • AlSayyad, Nezar. Nile: Urban Histories on the Banks of a River. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019.
  • Amiran, Ruth. “Note on One Sign in the Narmer Palette.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 7 (1968): 127.
  • Anthes, Rudolf. “Egyptian Theology in the Third Millennium B. C.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 18, no.3 (1959): 169 – 212.
  • Arnold, D., Haeny, G., Bell, L., Finnestad, R. B. Temples of Ancient Egypt. New York: Cornell University Press, 1997.
  • Assmann, Jan “Creation Through Hieroglyphs: The Cosmic Grammatology Of Ancient Egypt.” in The Poetics of Grammar and the Metaphysics of Sound and Sign, ed. Sergio La Porta and David Shulman, 15 – 34. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
  • Assmann, Jan. “Monotheism and Poly¬theism.” in Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide, ed. Sarah Iles Jhonston, 17 – 31. Harvard: Harward University Press, 2004.
  • Assmann, Jan. The Mind of Egyprt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Phara¬ohs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  • Bard, K. A. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
  • Bauval, Robert. The Egypt Code. New York: Disinformation Press, 2007.
  • Bianchi, Ugo. The History of Religions. Leiden: Brill, 1975.
  • Bleeker, C. J. Hathor and Thoth: Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion. Leiden: Brill, 1973.
  • Bodine, Joshua J. “The Shabaka Stone: An Introduction.” Studia Antiqua 7, no.1 (2009), 1 – 21.
  • Breasted, J. H. “The Philosophy of a Memphite Priest.” Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 39, no.1 (1901): 39 – 54.
  • Breasted, J. H. Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt: Lectures Delivered on the Morse Foundation at Union Theological Seminary. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1912.
  • Broadie, A. and Macdonald, J. “The Concept of Cosmic Order in Ancient Egypt in Dynastic and Roman Times.” L’Antiquite Classique 47, no.1 (1978): 106 – 128.
  • Brueggemann, Walter. “Pharaoh as Vassal: A Study of a Political Metaphor.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 57, no.1 (1995): 27 – 51.
  • Castillos, J. J. “Chaos in Ancient Egypt.” Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion 257 (2019): 25 – 36.
  • Černý, Jaroslav. Ancient Egyptian Religion. London: Hutchinson’s University Library, 1952.
  • Covensky, Milton. The Ancient Near Eastern Tradition. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
  • Cruz-Uribe, Eugene. “The Khonsu Cosmogony.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 31 (1994): 169 – 189.
  • David, Rosalie. Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt. London: Penguin, 2002.
  • Davies, Jon. Death, Burial and Rebirth in the Religions of Antiquity. London: Routledge, 2013.
  • Eaton, Katherine. Ancient Egyptian Temple Ritual: Performance, Patterns, and Practice. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • El Hawary, Amr. “New Findings about the Memphite Theology.” in Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists 1. Cilt, ed. Jean-Claude Goyon and Christine Cardin, 567 – 574. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.
  • Ertman, E. L. “The Earliest Known Three-dimensional Representation of the god Ptah.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31, no.2 (1972): 83 – 86.
  • Fassone, Ales¬sia and Ferraris, Enrico. Egypt: Pharaonic Period. California: University of California Press, 2008.
  • Finnestad, R. B. “Ptah, Creator of the Gods: Reconsideration of the Ptah Section of the Denkmal.” Numen 23, no.2 (1976): 81 – 113.
  • Frankfort, Henri. Ancient Egyptian Religion: An Interpretation. New York: Courier Cor¬poration, 2012.
  • García, J. C. M. “Territory, Elite and Power in Ancient Egypt in the 3rd Millennium BCE.” in Experiencing Power, Gene¬rating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, ed. J. A. Hill, Philip Jones, A. J. Morales, 185 – 218. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
  • Goldwasser, Orly. “The Narmer Palette and the “Triumph of Metaphor.” Lingua Aegyptia 2 (1992): 67 – 85.
  • Griffiths, J. G. “Some Remarks on the Enneads of Gods.” Orientalia 28, no.1 (1959): 34 – 56.
  • Hagen, R. M. and Hagen, R. Egypt: People, Gods, Pharaohs. Köln: Tashen Verlag, 1999.
  • Hart, George. A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Hart, George. Egyptian Myths. Texas: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  • Heagy, T. C. “Who was Menes?.” Archéo-Nil 24 (2014): 59 – 92.
  • Hollis, S. T. “Otiose Deities and the Ancient Egyptian Pantheon.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 35 (1998): 61 – 72.
  • Horning, Nicole. Ancient Egypt: The Land of Pyramids and Pharaohs. New York: Greenhaven Publishing, 2017.
  • James, E. O. Creation and Cosmology: A Historical and Comparative Inquiry. Leiden: Brill, 1970.
  • James, E. O. The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study. Leiden: Brill, 1966.
  • John, Baines. “Kingship, Definition of Culture, and Legitimation.” in Ancient Egyptian Kingship: New Investigations, ed. D. B. O’Connor and D. P. Silverman, 3 – 47. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
  • Kamene, Kaba Hiawatha. Shabaka's Stone: An African Theory on the Origin and Continuing Development of the Cosmic Universe. Amazon Digital Services, 2021. Lesko, L. H. “Ancient Egyptian Cosmogonies and Cosmology.” in Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice, ed. B. E. Shafer, 90 – 115. New York: Cornell University Press, 1991.
  • Lichtheim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian Literature A Book of Readings Volume I: The Old And Middle Kingdoms. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
  • Lloyd, A. B. Ancient Egypt: State and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Lurker, Manfred. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Dictionary. London: Thames and Hudson, 1974.
  • Martin, Denise. “Maat and Order in Afri¬can Cosmology: A Conceptual Tool for Understanding Indigenous Knowledge.” Journal of Black Studies 38, no.6 (2008): 951 – 967.
  • Mercer, S. A. B. The Religion of Ancient Egypt. London: Luzac, 1949.
  • Nagy, Essam. “Religion and Power during the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: The Building Activities of the Kushite Kings in Karnak.” in Egyptian Royal Ideology and Kingship under Periods of Foreign Rulers: Case Studies from the First Millennium BC., ed. Julia Budka, 93 – 106. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2019.
  • Ockinga, B. G. “The Memphite Theology – its purpose and date,” in Egyptian Culture and Society: Studies in Honour of Naguib Kanawati, ed. A. Woods, A. McFarlane and S. Binder, 99-117. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2010.
  • Oden, Robert A. “The Contendings of Horus and Seth (Chester Beatty Papyrus No. 1): A Structural Interpretation.” History of Religions 18, no.4 (1979): 352 – 369.
  • Page, Judith and Biles, Ken. Invoking the Egyptian Gods. Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, 2011.
  • Pernigotti, Sergio “Priests.” in The Egyptians, ed. Sergio Donadoni, 121 – 150. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
  • Petrie, W. M. F. The Religion of Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Pinch, Geraldine. Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Pires, Guilherme Borges “The Egyptian Land-Based Layer: Between God(s), Cosmic Sacredness and Fertility Beliefs.” in Current Research in Egyptology 2016: Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium, ed. Julia M. Chyla, 150 – 158. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2017.
  • Pritchard, J. B. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
  • Quirke, Stephen. Exploring Religion in Ancient Egypt. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.
  • Reid, P. V. Readings in Western Religious Thought: The Ancient World. New York: Paulist Press, 1987.
  • Remler, Pat. Egyptian Mythology, A to Z. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010.
  • Ruiz, Ana. The Spirit of Ancient Egypt. New York: Algora Publishing, 2001.
  • Silverman, D. P. “Divinity and Deities in Ancient Egypt.” in Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice, ed. B. E. Shafer, 9 – 20. New York: Cornell University Press, 1991.
  • Silverman, D. P. Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • Spence, Lewis. Ancient Egyptian Myths and Legends. New York: Dover Publications, 1990.
  • Sweeney, Deborah. “Gender and Conversational Tactics in the Contendings of Horus and Seth.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 88, no.1 (2002): 141 – 162.
  • Taylor, Mark C. Refiguring the Spiritual: Beuys, Barney, Turrell, Goldsworthy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
  • Te Velde, Herman. “Relations and Conflicts between Egyptian Gods, Particularly in the Divine Ennead of Heliopolis.” in Struggles of Gods: Papers of the Groningen Working Group for the Study of the History of Religion, ed. H. G. Kippenberg, H. J. W. Drijvers, Y. Kuiper, 239 – 257. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984.
  • Te Velde, Herman. “Some Remarks on the Structure of Egyptian Divine Triads.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 57, no.1 (1971): 80 – 86.
  • Te Velde, Herman. “Theology, Priests, and Worship in Ancient Egypt.” Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 3 (1995): 1731 – 1749.
  • Teeter, Emily. Religion and Ritu¬al in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Tobin, Vincent Arieh. “Mytho-Theology in Ancient Egypt.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 25 (1988): 169 – 83.
  • Traunecker, Claude. The Gods of Egypt. New York: Cornell University Press, 2001.
  • Trigger, B. G. Early Civilizations: An¬cient Egypt in Context. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1993.
  • Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O’Connor, D., Lloyd, A. B. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Van Dijk, Jacobus. “Myth and Mythmaking in Ancient Egypt.” Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 3 (1995): 1697 – 1709.
  • Wainwright, G. A. “The Origin of Amūn.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 49, no.1 (1963), 21 – 23.
  • Wilkinson, R. H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson, 2003.
  • Wilkinson, T. A. H. “What a King Is This: Narmer and the Concept of the Ruler.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 86 (2000): 23 – 32.
  • Yıldırım, Ercüment. Nil’in Tanrı Kralları. İstanbul: Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları, 2019.
There are 80 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ercüment Yıldırım 0000-0001-5376-4061

Early Pub Date December 27, 2021
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Yıldırım, Ercüment. “Eski Mısır’daki Memfis Teolojisine Göre Yaratılış Anlayışı Ve Tanrısal Hiyerarşinin Düzenlenmesi”. Milel ve Nihal 18/2 (December 2021), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.959743.

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