Herzberg's Two Factor Theory and Its Impact on Job Satisfaction: A Research on Bank Employees During The Covid-19 Period

Tuba Büyükbeşe; Tuğba Dikbaş; Ayşe Asiltürk; Ömer Çavuş

Research Article

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory and Its Impact on Job Satisfaction: A Research on Bank Employees During The Covid-19 Period

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 45, 998 - 1013, 29.12.2023

Tuba Büyükbeşe Tuğba Dikbaş Ayşe Asiltürk Ömer Çavuş

Abstract

The aim of this research is to explore the effect of motivation of bank employees on their job satisfaction in the covid-19 pandemic. For this purpose, firstly, Herzberg's hygiene and motivation factors were tested whether there was a difference between the evaluations of bank employees before Covid-19 and during the Covid 19 processes, and then the effect of motivation factors on job satisfaction was investigated. For this purpose, 403 online questionnaires were sent via e-mail to bank employees with branches in the Türkiye Southeastern Anatolia Region, and 375 questionnaires were answered. The obtained data were subjected to descriptive analysis, validity, reliability, t test, correlation, and regression analyses in. As a result of the research, it has been found that there is a significant difference in the evaluation of hygiene and motivating factors by bank employees compared to the pre-pandemic period. While an increase was perceived in hygiene factors during the pandemic process, a decrease in motivation was observed. In the pandemic process, hygiene factors affect job satisfaction negatively; on the other hand, it was found that motivation factors affect job satisfaction positively. Conducting similar studies with bank employees from different regions and different cultural groups will strengthen the findings of the study. The same research can be applied to employees of different sectors.

Keywords

Two-Factor Theory of Motivation, Covıd-19, Job Satisfaction, Bank Employee

References

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Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, Relatedness, and Growth: Human Needs in Organizational Settings. Free Press.
Alrawahi, S., Sellgren, S. F., Altouby, S., Alwahaibi, N. and Brommels, M. (2020). The Application of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation to Job Satisfaction in Clinical Laboratories in Omani Hospitals. Heliyon, 6(9), e04829, doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04829
Applebaum, D., Fowler, S., Fiedler, N., Osinubi, O. and Robson, M. (2010). The impact of Environmental Factors on Nursing Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention. Journal of Nursing Administration, 40, 323–328.
Badubi, RM (2017). Motivasyon Teorileri ve Örgütlerde Uygulanması: Bir Risk Analizi. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 3(3), 44-51.
Bassett-Jones, N. and Lloyd, G. C. (2005). Does Herzberg’s Motivation Theory have Staying Power? Journal of Management Development, 24(10), 929–943.
Beybur, M. and Çetinkaya, M. (2020). Covid 19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de Dijital Bankacılık Ürün ve Hizmetlerinin Kullanımı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 148-163.
Bhana, A. and Haffejee, N. (1996). Relation Among Measures of Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Role Dynamics for a Sample of South African Child-Care Social Workers. Psychological Reports, 79(2), 431-4.
Brislin, R. W., Kabigting, F., Macnab, B., Zukis, B. and Worthley, R. (2005). Evolving Perceptions of Japanese Workplace Motivation, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol: 5, No: 1, pp.87-103.
Cherif, F. (2020). The Role of Human Resource Management Practices and Employee Job Satisfaction in Predicting Organizational Commitment in Saudi Arabian Banking Sector. Emerald Insight, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 7(8), 29-541. doi 10.1108/IJSSP-10-2019-0216
Crossman, A. and Abou‐Zaki, B. (2003). Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance of Lebanese Banking staff. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 368-376. doi.org/10.1108/02683940310473118
Dolan, N. (1987). The Relationship Between Burnout and Job Satisfaction in Nurses, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 12(1), 3-12.
Edrak B.B., Yin-Fah B.C., Gharleghi B. and Seng T.K. (2013). The Effectiveness of İntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: A Study of Malaysian Amway Company’s Direct Sales Forces. International Journals Business and Social Science, Center for Promoting İdeas, USA, 4(9),96-103.
Erhan, T. and Bayrakçı, E. (2022). Herzberg’in Çift Faktör Teorisi: Turizm Çalışanları Üzerinde Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma . Journal of Empirical Economics and Social Sciences, 4(1), 78-99. doı: 10.46959/jeess.1060470
Gardner, G. (1977). Is there a Valid Test Of Herzberg's Two Factor Theory? (S. Clarke, Düz.). Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 50(3),197-204.
Gunasekara, U., and Kulathunga, K. (2011). An Empirical Study of Herzberg's Two Factor Theory with Operational Level Employees of Private Banks in Sri Lanka. International Conference on Modern Trend in Innovation Management, pp. 116-124.
Gül, H., Oktay, E. and Gökçe, H. (2008). İş Tatmini, Stres, Örgütsel Bağlılık, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Ve Performans Arasındaki İlişkiler: Sağlık Sektöründe Bir Uygulama. Akademik Bakış, Sayı 15, 1-11. ISSN:1694-528X.
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Herzberg, F. (1976). The Managerial Choice: To be Efficient and To be Human, Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Herzberg, F. (1984). Herzberg on Motivation. Cleveland, OH: Penton Media Inc.
Herzberg, F. (1996). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? In S. J. Ott (Eds.), Classical readings in organizational behavior, pp. 76-85. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace and Company. (Original work published 1968).
Herzberg, F., Maunser. B. and Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, NY
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Hyun, S. and Oh, H. (2011). Reexamination of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in The Korean Army Foodservice Operations. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 14(2),100-121, doi 10.1080/15378020.2011.574532
Iaffaldano, M.T. and Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 251-273, doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.251
Irvine, D. M. and Evans, M. G. (1995). Job Satisfaction and Turnover Among Nurses: In-tegrating Research Findings Across Studies. Nursing Research, 44, 246-253.
Kalaycı, Ş. (Ed.). (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri (5. Baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
Kalleberg, A. (1977). Work Values and Job Rewards: A Theory of Job Satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 42,124–143.
Keser, A. and Bilir, Ö. (2019). İş Tatmini Ölçeğinin Türkçe Güvenilirlik Ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (e-ISSN : 2602-4314), 3(3), 229.
Knoop, R. (1995). Relationships Among Job Involvement, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment For Nurses. Journal of Psychology, 29, 641-666.
Kovach, A. Kennth (1987), What Motivates Employees? Workers and Supervisors Give Different Answers, Business Horizons, 30(5), pp. 58-66.
Koys, D. J. (2001). The Effects of Employee Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Turnover on Organizational Effectiveness: A Unit-Level, Longitudinal Study. Personnel Psychology, 54,(1), 101–114, doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00087.x
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Lewandowski, C. A. (2003). Organizational Factors Contributing to Worker Frustration: The Precursor to Burnout. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 30(4), 75–185.
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Maidani, E. A. (1991). Comparative Study of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction Among Public and Private Sectors. Public Personnel Management, 20(4),441–448.
Martin, E. (2004). Who's Kicking Whom? Employees' Orientations to Work. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(3), 182-188, doi.org/10.1108/09596110410531177
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. Harper and Row, New York, NY.
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Herzberg'in Çift Faktör Teorisi ve İş Tatminine Etkisi: Covid-19 Döneminde Banka Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 45, 998 - 1013, 29.12.2023

Tuba Büyükbeşe Tuğba Dikbaş Ayşe Asiltürk Ömer Çavuş

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı covid-19 salgınında banka çalışanlarının motivasyonlarının iş tatminleri üzerindeki etkisinin tespit edilmesidir. Bu maksatla öncelikle Herzberg’in hijyen ve motivasyon faktörlerinin banka çalışanlarının covid-19 öncesi ve covid 19 sürecindeki değerlendirmeleri arasında fark olup olmadığı test edilmiş, sonrasında motivasyon faktörlerinin iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Türkiye’de Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde şubesi bulunan banka çalışanlarına email aracılıyla online 403 anket gönderilmiş 375 anket yanıtlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler betimleyici analiz, geçerlilik, güvenililirlik, t testi, korelasyon ve regresyon analizlerine tabii tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda; banka çalışanlarının hijyen ve motive edici faktörleri değerlendirmelerinde pandemi öncesine göre anlamlı fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hijyen faktörlerde pandemi sürecinde artış algılanırken, motivasyonda azalma görülmüştür. Pandemi sürecinde hijyen faktörlerin iş tatminini negative yönde anlamlı etkilediği; motivasyon faktörlerinin ise iş tatminini pozitif yönde etkilediği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Benzer araştırmaların farklı bölgeler ve farklı kültürel gruplara mensup banka çalışanları ile yapılması çalışma bulgularını güçlendirecektir. Aynı araştırma farklı sektör çalışanlarına da uygulanabilir.

Keywords

Çift Faktörlü Motivasyon Teorisi, Covıd-19, İş Tatmini, Banka çalışanı

References

Akbaş Tuna, A. and Türkmendağ, Z. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde Uzaktan Çalışma Uygulamaları ve Çalışma Motivasyonunu Etkileyen Faktörler. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3),3246-3260. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.1037
Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, Relatedness, and Growth: Human Needs in Organizational Settings. Free Press.
Alrawahi, S., Sellgren, S. F., Altouby, S., Alwahaibi, N. and Brommels, M. (2020). The Application of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation to Job Satisfaction in Clinical Laboratories in Omani Hospitals. Heliyon, 6(9), e04829, doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04829
Applebaum, D., Fowler, S., Fiedler, N., Osinubi, O. and Robson, M. (2010). The impact of Environmental Factors on Nursing Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention. Journal of Nursing Administration, 40, 323–328.
Badubi, RM (2017). Motivasyon Teorileri ve Örgütlerde Uygulanması: Bir Risk Analizi. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 3(3), 44-51.
Bassett-Jones, N. and Lloyd, G. C. (2005). Does Herzberg’s Motivation Theory have Staying Power? Journal of Management Development, 24(10), 929–943.
Beybur, M. and Çetinkaya, M. (2020). Covid 19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de Dijital Bankacılık Ürün ve Hizmetlerinin Kullanımı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 148-163.
Bhana, A. and Haffejee, N. (1996). Relation Among Measures of Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Role Dynamics for a Sample of South African Child-Care Social Workers. Psychological Reports, 79(2), 431-4.
Brislin, R. W., Kabigting, F., Macnab, B., Zukis, B. and Worthley, R. (2005). Evolving Perceptions of Japanese Workplace Motivation, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol: 5, No: 1, pp.87-103.
Cherif, F. (2020). The Role of Human Resource Management Practices and Employee Job Satisfaction in Predicting Organizational Commitment in Saudi Arabian Banking Sector. Emerald Insight, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 7(8), 29-541. doi 10.1108/IJSSP-10-2019-0216
Crossman, A. and Abou‐Zaki, B. (2003). Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance of Lebanese Banking staff. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 368-376. doi.org/10.1108/02683940310473118
Dolan, N. (1987). The Relationship Between Burnout and Job Satisfaction in Nurses, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 12(1), 3-12.
Edrak B.B., Yin-Fah B.C., Gharleghi B. and Seng T.K. (2013). The Effectiveness of İntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: A Study of Malaysian Amway Company’s Direct Sales Forces. International Journals Business and Social Science, Center for Promoting İdeas, USA, 4(9),96-103.
Erhan, T. and Bayrakçı, E. (2022). Herzberg’in Çift Faktör Teorisi: Turizm Çalışanları Üzerinde Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma . Journal of Empirical Economics and Social Sciences, 4(1), 78-99. doı: 10.46959/jeess.1060470
Gardner, G. (1977). Is there a Valid Test Of Herzberg's Two Factor Theory? (S. Clarke, Düz.). Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 50(3),197-204.
Gunasekara, U., and Kulathunga, K. (2011). An Empirical Study of Herzberg's Two Factor Theory with Operational Level Employees of Private Banks in Sri Lanka. International Conference on Modern Trend in Innovation Management, pp. 116-124.
Gül, H., Oktay, E. and Gökçe, H. (2008). İş Tatmini, Stres, Örgütsel Bağlılık, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Ve Performans Arasındaki İlişkiler: Sağlık Sektöründe Bir Uygulama. Akademik Bakış, Sayı 15, 1-11. ISSN:1694-528X.
Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the Nature of Man. Cleveland: World Pub. Co,New York.
Herzberg, F. (1968). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review. 81(1),87-96.
Herzberg, F. (1976). The Managerial Choice: To be Efficient and To be Human, Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Herzberg, F. (1984). Herzberg on Motivation. Cleveland, OH: Penton Media Inc.
Herzberg, F. (1996). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? In S. J. Ott (Eds.), Classical readings in organizational behavior, pp. 76-85. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace and Company. (Original work published 1968).
Herzberg, F., Maunser. B. and Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, NY
Hoppock, R. (1935). Job Satisfaction. Harper and Brothers, New York. Hulin, C. L. and Smith, P. C. (1964). Sex Differences in Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48(2), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040811
Hyun, S. and Oh, H. (2011). Reexamination of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in The Korean Army Foodservice Operations. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 14(2),100-121, doi 10.1080/15378020.2011.574532
Iaffaldano, M.T. and Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 251-273, doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.251
Irvine, D. M. and Evans, M. G. (1995). Job Satisfaction and Turnover Among Nurses: In-tegrating Research Findings Across Studies. Nursing Research, 44, 246-253.
Kalaycı, Ş. (Ed.). (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri (5. Baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
Kalleberg, A. (1977). Work Values and Job Rewards: A Theory of Job Satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 42,124–143.
Keser, A. and Bilir, Ö. (2019). İş Tatmini Ölçeğinin Türkçe Güvenilirlik Ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (e-ISSN : 2602-4314), 3(3), 229.
Knoop, R. (1995). Relationships Among Job Involvement, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment For Nurses. Journal of Psychology, 29, 641-666.
Kovach, A. Kennth (1987), What Motivates Employees? Workers and Supervisors Give Different Answers, Business Horizons, 30(5), pp. 58-66.
Koys, D. J. (2001). The Effects of Employee Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Turnover on Organizational Effectiveness: A Unit-Level, Longitudinal Study. Personnel Psychology, 54,(1), 101–114, doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00087.x
KPMG (2020). COVID-19 Krizinde İki Temel Bankacılık Aracı/https://home.kpmg/tr/tr/home/gorusler/ 2020/03/covid-19-krizinde-iki-temel-bankacilik-araci.html.
Lewandowski, C. A. (2003). Organizational Factors Contributing to Worker Frustration: The Precursor to Burnout. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 30(4), 75–185.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction, Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Rand-McNally, Chicago, IL.
Locke, E. A. (1991). The Motivation Sequence, The Motivation Hub, and The Motivation Core. Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50(3),288-99.
Maidani, E. A. (1991). Comparative Study of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction Among Public and Private Sectors. Public Personnel Management, 20(4),441–448.
Martin, E. (2004). Who's Kicking Whom? Employees' Orientations to Work. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(3), 182-188, doi.org/10.1108/09596110410531177
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. Harper and Row, New York, NY.
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
Meier, L. L. and Spector, P. E. (2015). Job Satisfaction. Wiley Online Library. doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom050093
Moorman, R. H. (1993). The Influence of Cognitive and Affective Based Job Satisfaction on The Relationship Between Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Human Relations. 46, 759-776.
Nahavandı, A. and Malekzadeh, A.R. (1999). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Oktay, E. and Yıldırım, S. (2021). Türkiye’de Covid-19 Sürecinde Sağlık Politikalarının Oluşturulmasında Sağlık Diplomasisinin Rolü. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 23(41), 591-606.
Özçelik, Z. (2021). COVID-19 Nedeniyle Evden Çalışma Sürecinde Performans Değerlemesi: Bir Kamu Kurumu Çağrı Merkezi Örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (58), 221-240. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.798088
Reichers, A. E. (1985). A Review and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management, 10, 465-476.
Ronen, S. and Sadan, S. (1984). Job Attitudes among Different Occupational Status Groups. Work and Occupations, 11(1), 77 – 97.
Ruthankoon, R. and Ogunlana, S. O. (2003). Testing Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory in The Thai Construction, Engineering. Construction and Architectural Management, 10(5),333-341.
Sanjeev, M. A. and Surya, A. V. (2016). Two Factor Theory Of Motivation and Satisfaction: An Empirical Verification. Ann. Data. Sci. 3, 155–173, doi.org/10.1007/s40745-016-0077-9.
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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Workplace Wellbeing and Quality of Working Life, Public Sector Organisation and Management
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Tuba Büyükbeşe 0000-0003-4174-9870 Tuğba Dikbaş 0000-0003-0966-2353 Ayşe Asiltürk 0000-0002-6221-6208 Ömer Çavuş 0000-0002-7482-2774
Early Pub Date	December 29, 2023
Publication Date	December 29, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 25 Issue: 45

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APA	Büyükbeşe, T., Dikbaş, T., Asiltürk, A., Çavuş, Ö. (2023). Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory and Its Impact on Job Satisfaction: A Research on Bank Employees During The Covid-19 Period. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(45), 998-1013.

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