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Mutluluk ve Belirleyicileri: Türkiye için Bir Analiz

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 50 - 70, 30.12.2022

Abstract

İnsanların yaşam memnuniyetlerini ya da mutluluklarını artırmaya yönelik politikalar oluşturmak, kalkınma kapsamını bu çerçevede bilimsel araştırmalara dayalı olarak planlamak, günümüz gelişmekte olan ve gelişmiş ekonomilerin üzerinde durduğu önemli konular arasında yerini almıştır. Dikkat edilirse, içinde bulunduğumuz 21. yüzyılda, optimizasyon peşinde koşan ve mutluluk yerine başka kavramları maksimize edilmesinin bir hata olduğunu ortaya koyan çalışmalar giderek artmaktadır. Bu çerçevede mutluluk kavramı geniş bir çevrede tanımlanıp mutluluk teorileri açıklanmış ve mutluluğun sadece ülke düzeyindeki belirleyicileri incelenmiştir. Çalışma Türkiye’de mutluluğun belirleyicilerine yönelik çok değişkenli logit model kullanılarak tamamlanmıştır. Türkiye için mutluluğun belirleyicilerinin analizinin sonuçlarında insanları mutlu eden faktörler arasında; evli olmak, daha iyi gelirle sahip olmak ve bir noktaya kadar yaş (ilişkinin ‘U’ şeklinde olduğu görülmüştür), güvenlik güçlerinin yeterli olduğunu düşünmesi, geçmişinden daha iyi bir konumda olduğunu düşünmesi, o andaki durumunun gelecekte iyileşeceğinin ya da aynı kalacağının düşünülmesi, bir noktaya kadar eğitim, ülkedeki yargı sisteminin iyi çalıştığının hissedilmesi, dini inanç, genel olarak toplumun refah düzeyinin iyi olması ve geleceğe yönelik umut olduğu bulunmuştur.

References

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The determinants of happiness in Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 50 - 70, 30.12.2022

Abstract

Creating policies to increase people's life satisfaction or happiness to plan the extent of development based on the scientific research in this framework has taken its place among the important issues of today's developing and developed economies. If paid attention, in the 21st century we are living in, the concept that needs to be maximized is happiness for people who are chasing optimization and trying to maximize other concepts instead of happiness is seen as a mistake in these studies. In this context, the concept of happiness is defined in a wide range, the theories for happiness are explained, and only the determinants of happiness at the country level are examined. The study was conducted using the multinominal logit model for the determinants of happiness in Turkey. Among the factors that make people happy in the results of the analysis of the determinants of happiness for Turkey are being married, having a better income and age up to a point (relationship appears to be 'U' shaped), thinking security forces are adequate, the expectation being that the current situation will improve or at least stay the same in the future, education to a point, feeling that the judicial system in the country works well, religious belief, good welfare level of the society in general and hope for the future.

References

  • Altindağ, D. T., & Xu, J (2011). The Impact of Institutions and Development on Happiness. Auburn Univ., Department of Economics.
  • Ameriks, K., & Clarke, D. M. (2000). Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Andrews, F., & Inglehart, R. (1979). The Structure of Subjective Well-Being in Nine Western Societies. Social Indicators Research, 6(1), 73-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00305437
  • Avcı, G. M. (2021). Güçlü Kurumsal Yapı Daha Yüksek Mutluluk Getirir mi? Çok Boyutlu Panel Veri Modeli Analizinden Kanıtlar. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(23), 181-213. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2021.010
  • Bartolini, S., & Sarracino, F. (2014). Happy for How Long? How Social Capital and Economic Growth Relate to Happiness Over Time. Ecological Economics, 108, 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.10.004
  • Besser, L. (2020). The Philosophy of Happiness an Interdisciplinary Introduction (1st ed.). Routledge.
  • Bjørnskov, C. (2008). Healthy and happy in Europe? On the association between happiness and life expectancy over time. Social Science & Medicine, 66(8), 1750-1759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.031
  • Bremner, R. H. (2011). Theories of Happiness on the Origins of Happiness and Our Contemporary Conception (s. 130). USA Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
  • Bruni, L., & Porta, P. (2007). Handbook on the Economics of Happiness. Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Clark, A., & Oswald, A. (1996). Satisfaction and Comparison Income. Journal of Public Economics, 61(3), 359-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(95)01564-7
  • Clark, A., Frijters, P. and Shields, M. (2009). Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility an Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95-144.
  • Dfarhud, D., Khanahmadi, M., & Malmir, M. (2014). Happiness & Health the Biological Factors- Systematic Review Article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 43(11), 1468-1477.
  • Diener, E. and Kesebir, P. & Tov, W., Happiness (2009). Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior, ss. 147-160, M. Leary & R. Hoyle (eds.), Guilford Press.
  • Dorn, D., Fischer, J., Kirchgässner, G., & Sousa-Poza, A. (2005). Is it Culture or Democracy? The Impact of Democracy, Income, and Culture on Happiness. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.757629
  • Easterlin, R. (1995). Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all?. Journal of Economic Behavior &Amp; Organization, 27(1), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(95)00003-b
  • Easterlin, R. (2001). Income and Happiness Towards a Unified Theory. The Economic Journal, 111(473), 465-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00646
  • Easterlin, R. (2003). Explaining Happiness. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 100(19), 11176-11183. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1633144100
  • Eren, K., & Aşıcı, A. (2016). The Determinants of Happiness in Turkey Evidence from City-Level Data. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(3), 647-669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9746-9
  • Esmail, H. & Shili, N. (2018). The Relationship between Happiness and Economic Development in KSA Study of Jazan Region. Asian Social Science, 14(3), 78. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n3p78
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005). Income and well-being an empirical analysis of the comparison income effect. Journal of Public Economics, 89(5-6), 997-1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.06.003
  • Ferrer‐i‐Carbonell, A., & Frijters, P. (2004). How Important is Methodology for the Estimates of the Determinants of Happiness?. The Economic Journal, 114(497), 641-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00235.x
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A., & Ramos, X. (2013). Inequality and Happiness. Journal of Economic Surveys, 28(5), 1016-1027. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12049
  • Fordyce, M. (1986). The Psychap inventory A multi-scale test to measure happiness and its concomitants. Social Indicators Research, 18(1), 1-33. https//doi.org/10.1007/bf00302530
  • Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G. (1999). Hedonic Adaptation. In Kahneman, D., Diener, E., Schwarz, N (Eds.), Hedonic Psychology Scientific Approaches to Enjoyment, Suffering, and Well-being (302-329). Russell Sage Foundation, New York
  • Frey, B.S. (2018). Economics of Happiness (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing.
  • Glen, S. (2017). "Multinomial Logistic Regression Definition and Examples" From StatisticsHowTo.com Elementary Statistics for the rest of us!. (Erişim: 20.05.2022), https//www.statisticshowto.com/multinomial-logistic-regression/
  • Graham, C. (2011). Does More Money Make You Happier? Why so much Debate?. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 6(3), 219-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-011-9152-8
  • Graham, C., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2013). Gender and Well-Being Around the World. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 1(2), 212-232. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhd.2013.055648
  • Graham, C., & Felton, A. (2009). Does Inequality Matter to Individual Welfare? An Initial Exploration Based on Happiness Surveys from Latin America. In Dutt, A. K. & Radcliff, B (eds.), Happiness, Economics and Politics Towards a Multi-Disciplinary Approach, (ss. 158-201). Cheltenham UK: Edward Elger Publishers.
  • Greene, W. (2002). Econometric analysis (5th ed., pp. 719-740). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.
  • Griffin, J. (2006). What Do Happiness Studies Study?. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(1), 139-148. https//doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9007-4
  • Güler, M., & Dönmez, A. (2011). İyi Olma Hali Bağlamında Uyum Düzeyi Kuramı ve Hedonik Döngü. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 14(27), 38.
  • Haybron, D. (2003). What do we Want from a Theory of Happiness?. Metaphilosophy, 34(3), 305-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9973.00275
  • Haybron, D. (2008). Mood Propensity as a Constituent of Happiness A Rejoinder to Hill. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(1), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9103-8
  • Kaiser, C., & Vendrik, M. (2019). Different Versions of the Easterlin Paradox New Evidence for European Countries. (In) M. Rojas, The Economics of Happiness How the Easterlin Paradox Transformed Our Understanding of Well-Being and Progress (1st ed., ss. 27-53). Cham Springer International Publishing.
  • Leontiev, D (2012). Anthropology of Happiness the State of Well-Being and the Way of Joy. Social Sciences, 43(2), 93-104. (Erişim: 7.4.2021), https//www.researchgate.net/publication/281115995_ Anthropology_of_Happiness_The_State_of_Well-Being_and_the_Way_of_Joy
  • Leontiev, D., & Rasskazova, E (2014). What Makes People Happy Well-Being and Sources of Happiness in Russian Students. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2-7. https//doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2559143
  • Mikucka, M., Sarracino, F., & Dubrow, J (2017). When Does Economic Growth Improve Life Satisfaction? Multilevel Analysis of the Roles of Social Trust and Income Inequality in 46 Countries, 1981–2012. World Development, 93, 447-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.002
  • Mota, G. L., & Pereira, P. T (2008). Happiness, Economic Well-Being, Social Capital and The Quality of Institutions. Department of Economics at the School of Economics and Management (ISEG), Technical University of Lisbon., Working Papers.
  • Nikolaev, B (2013). Essays in Happiness Economics (Ph.D.). University of South Florida. (Erişim: 15.07.2020), https//scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4735/
  • Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M (2021). Happiness and Life Satisfaction. (Erişim: 28.06.2021), https//ourworldindata.org/happiness-and-life-satisfaction
  • Oswald, A., & Powdthavee, N (2008). Does happiness adapt? A longitudinal study of disability with implications for economists and judges. Journal of Public Economics, 92(5-6), 1061-1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.002
  • Pacek, A. C (2009). Politics and Happiness an Empirical Ledger. (In) Dutt, A. K. & Radcliff, B (eds.) ‘Happiness, Economics and Politics Towards a Multi-Disciplinary Approach’, (pp 231-255). Cheltenham UK: Edward Elger Publishers).
  • Piekałkiewicz, M. (2013). Economics of Well-Being and Psychology of Welfare an Interdisciplinary Approach to Happiness (Masters’ Dissertation). Poland: University of Warsaw.
  • Piper, A. T (2019). Optimism, Pessimism and Life Satisfaction an Empirical Investigation (No. 1027). SOEP papers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research.
  • Radcliff, B (2001). Politics, Markets, and Life Satisfaction the Political Economy of Human Happiness. American Political Science Review, 95(4), 939-952. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400400110
  • Rickardsson, J., & Mellander, C. (2017). Absolute vs relative income and life satisfaction. Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS. https//ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/cesisp/0451.html
  • Rojas, M (2005). A Conceptual-Referent Theory of Happiness Heterogeneity and its Consequences. Social Indicators Research, 74(2), 261-294. https//doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-4643-8
  • Sayar, A (2021). İnsanlığın Huzuru (ss. 21-139). İstanbul: Ötüken.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Başak Sezgin Kıroğlu 0000-0003-4599-7601

Kemal Yıldırım 0000-0002-3660-6886

Publication Date December 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sezgin Kıroğlu, B., & Yıldırım, K. (2022). Mutluluk ve Belirleyicileri: Türkiye için Bir Analiz. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(2), 50-70.

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