Research Article
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Investigation of tribological analysis of safflower oil and 15W40 engine lubrication oil and their blends

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 92 - 102, 31.12.2023

Buse Sergek Abdullah Engin Özçelik

https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.1364708

Abstract

In this study, 15W40 engine oil and Safflower oil were blended at 10% (A10), 20% (A20), 50% (A50) ratios. A total of 5 lubrication oil samples were obtained by adding the samples of pure safflower oil (A100) and lubrication oil with no safflower (A0). Viscosity and density tests of A100, A50, A20, A10 and A0 samples were carried out. Wear diameter test was performed on a four-ball testing machine to examine wear and friction properties, and welding load test was performed to examine extreme pressure properties.
We also had a study in the safflower oil industry where it can be used as an engine oil additive, especially in internal combustion engines. Since safflower oil is of vegetable origin, its use in engine oils will be environmentally friendly.
As a result of the examinations, it was determined that as the safflower ratio in the samples increased, the performance increased in terms of viscosity under cold working conditions. When the wear and friction performance was evaluated, it was concluded that there was an improving performance in 15W40 engine oil in A10, A20 and A50 samples in which safflower was used as an additive. When these samples were evaluated in terms of performance, there was little variation between them. For this reason, it is concluded that when Safflower is used as an additive in general, it exhibits positive performance in wear and friction performance. Considering that bio-lubricants are environmentally friendly, it can be said that the A50 sample is the most suitable lubrication oil among the samples, since it contains more vegetable oil than other samples.
As a result of this study, it is seen that the use of Safflower oil as an additive in engine oil is a positive result in terms of improving and clean environment.

Keywords

Bio-lubricant Friction Lubrication oil Safflower Wear

Supporting Institution

Selçuk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Proje Koordinatörlüğü

Project Number

23201003

References

  • Cheenkachorn, K. and Fungtammasan, B. 2010. “Development of engine oil using palm oil as a base stock for four-stroke engines”, Energy, 35 (6), 2552-2556.
  • Lundgren, S. M., Ruths, M., Danerlöv, K. and Persson, K. 2008. “Effects of unsaturation on film structure and friction of fatty acids in a model base oil”, Journal of colloid and interface science, 326 (2), 530-536.
  • Schneider, M. P. 2006. “Plant‐oil‐based lubricants and hydraulic fluids”, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86 (12), 1769-1780.
  • Maleque, M., Masjuki, H. ve Sapuan, S. 2003. “Vegetable‐based biodegradable lubricating oil additives”, Industrial lubrication and tribology, 55 (3), 137-143.
  • Duzcukoglu, H. and Şahin, Ö. S. 2010. “Investigation of wear performance of canola oil containing boric acid under boundary friction condition”, Tribology Transactions, 54 (1), 57-61.
  • Ştefănescu, I., Calomir, C. and Chirită, G. 2002. “On the future of biodegradable vegetable lubricants used for industrial tribosystems”, The Annals of University,, Dunărea de Jos” of Galaţi, Fascicle VIII, Tribology, 94-98.
  • Burunsuzoğlu, İ. and Cesur, İ. 2023. “Investigation of the Effect of Different Engine Lubricants on the Friction and Wear Properties between the Ring-Cylinder Pair”, International Conference on Pioneer and Innovative Studies, 158-162.
  • Kartal, Y. 2019. “Motorlarda yağlama sistemi üzerinde yapılan değişikliklerin yağın ısınması ve motor performansı üzerindeki etkilerinin model yardımıyla araştırılması”, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tez (Doktora).
  • Plumley, M. J., Wong, V., Molewyk, M. And Park, S.-Y. 2014. “Optimizing base oil viscosity temperature dependence for power cylinder friction reduction”, SAE Technical Paper.
  • Müjdeci, S. 2009. “İçten yanmalı motorda ticari yağ katkı maddelerinin sürtünme, aşınma ve motor performansına etkilerinin deneysel olarak araştırılması”, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tez (Doktora).
  • Taylor, C. 1998. “Automobile engine tribology—design considerations for efficiency and durability”, Wear, 221 (1), 1-8.
  • Reeves, C. J., & Menezes, P. L. 2016. “Advancements in eco-friendly lubricants for tribological applications: Past, present, and future”, Ecotribology: research developments, 41-61.
  • Peña-Parás, L., Maldonado-Cortés, D., Taha-Tijerina, J. 2018. “Eco-Friendly Nanoparticle Additives for Lubricants and Their Tribological Characterization”, In: Martínez, L., Kharissova, O., Kharisov, B. (eds) Handbook of Ecomaterials. Springer, Cham.
  • Özdemir, E. ve Çaylı, G., 2022, “Bitkisel Yağlar Ve Endüstriyel Kullanım Alanları, Yenilenebilir Kaynaklardan”, Yenilenebilir Kaynaklardan Elde Edilen Malzemeler Ve Uygulamaları-I, Artikel Akademi Yayınevi, pp 45-74.
  • Castro, W., Weller, D. E., Cheenkachorn, K. And Perez, J. M. 2005. “The effect of chemical structure of basefluids on antiwear effectiveness of additives”, Tribology international, 38 (3), 321-326.
  • Khalid, N., Khan, R. S., Hussain, M. I., Farooq, M., Ahmad, A. ve Ahmed, I. 2017. “A comprehensive characterisation of safflower oil for its potential applications as a bioactive food ingredient-A review”, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 66, 176-186.
  • Ortega-García, J., Gámez-Meza, N., Noriega-Rodriguez, J. A., Dennis-Quiñonez, O., García-Galindo, H. S., Angulo-Guerrero, J. O. ve Medina-Juárez, L. A. 2006. “Refining of high oleic safflower oil: effect on the sterols and tocopherols content”, European Food Research and Technology, 223, 775-779.
  • Özçelik, A. E. 2011. “Determination of the effects of safflower biodiesel and its mixtures with diesel oil on lubricating oil in a single-cylinder diesel engine” Selçuk University Institute of Science and Technology Doctoral Thesis.
  • Khemchandani, B., Jaiswal, A., Sayanna, E. ve Forsyth, M. 2014. “Mixture of safflower oil and synthetic ester as a base stock for biodegradable lubricants”, Lubrication Science, 26 (2), 67-80.
  • Reeves, C. J., Menezes, P. L., Jen, T.-C. ve Lovell, M. R. 2015. “The influence of fatty acids on tribological and thermal properties of natural oils as sustainable biolubricants”, Tribology International, 90, 123-134.
  • Siniawski, M. T., Saniei, N., Adhikari, B. ve Doezema, L. A. 2007. “Influence of fatty acid composition on the tribological performance of two vegetable‐based lubricants”, Journal of synthetic lubrication, 24 (2), 101-110.
  • Rudnick, L. R., 2020, Synthetics, mineral oils, and bio-based lubricants: chemistry and technology, CRC press.
  • Durak, E. and Karaosmanoglu, F. 2004. “Using of cottonseed oil as an environmentally accepted lubricant additive”, Energy Sources, 26 (7), 611-625.
  • PetrolOfisi, 2022, https://www.petrolofisi.com.tr/agir-ticari-arac-motoryaglari/maximus-turbo-diesel-extra-15w-40: [29.07.2023].
  • Zulkifli, N. W. M., Kalam, M. A., Masjuki, H. H., Shahabuddin, M. ve Yunus, R., 2013, Wear prevention characteristics of a palm oil-based TMP (trimethylolpropane) ester as an engine lubricant, Energy, 54, 167-173.
  • Akyazı, H. 2015. Characterization of different mixtures of crude oil-derived paraffinic mineral base oils (SN-80, SN-100, SN-150, SN-350, SN-500), Hitit University Institute of Science and Technology.

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 92 - 102, 31.12.2023

Buse Sergek Abdullah Engin Özçelik

https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.1364708

Abstract

Project Number

23201003

References

  • Cheenkachorn, K. and Fungtammasan, B. 2010. “Development of engine oil using palm oil as a base stock for four-stroke engines”, Energy, 35 (6), 2552-2556.
  • Lundgren, S. M., Ruths, M., Danerlöv, K. and Persson, K. 2008. “Effects of unsaturation on film structure and friction of fatty acids in a model base oil”, Journal of colloid and interface science, 326 (2), 530-536.
  • Schneider, M. P. 2006. “Plant‐oil‐based lubricants and hydraulic fluids”, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86 (12), 1769-1780.
  • Maleque, M., Masjuki, H. ve Sapuan, S. 2003. “Vegetable‐based biodegradable lubricating oil additives”, Industrial lubrication and tribology, 55 (3), 137-143.
  • Duzcukoglu, H. and Şahin, Ö. S. 2010. “Investigation of wear performance of canola oil containing boric acid under boundary friction condition”, Tribology Transactions, 54 (1), 57-61.
  • Ştefănescu, I., Calomir, C. and Chirită, G. 2002. “On the future of biodegradable vegetable lubricants used for industrial tribosystems”, The Annals of University,, Dunărea de Jos” of Galaţi, Fascicle VIII, Tribology, 94-98.
  • Burunsuzoğlu, İ. and Cesur, İ. 2023. “Investigation of the Effect of Different Engine Lubricants on the Friction and Wear Properties between the Ring-Cylinder Pair”, International Conference on Pioneer and Innovative Studies, 158-162.
  • Kartal, Y. 2019. “Motorlarda yağlama sistemi üzerinde yapılan değişikliklerin yağın ısınması ve motor performansı üzerindeki etkilerinin model yardımıyla araştırılması”, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tez (Doktora).
  • Plumley, M. J., Wong, V., Molewyk, M. And Park, S.-Y. 2014. “Optimizing base oil viscosity temperature dependence for power cylinder friction reduction”, SAE Technical Paper.
  • Müjdeci, S. 2009. “İçten yanmalı motorda ticari yağ katkı maddelerinin sürtünme, aşınma ve motor performansına etkilerinin deneysel olarak araştırılması”, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tez (Doktora).
  • Taylor, C. 1998. “Automobile engine tribology—design considerations for efficiency and durability”, Wear, 221 (1), 1-8.
  • Reeves, C. J., & Menezes, P. L. 2016. “Advancements in eco-friendly lubricants for tribological applications: Past, present, and future”, Ecotribology: research developments, 41-61.
  • Peña-Parás, L., Maldonado-Cortés, D., Taha-Tijerina, J. 2018. “Eco-Friendly Nanoparticle Additives for Lubricants and Their Tribological Characterization”, In: Martínez, L., Kharissova, O., Kharisov, B. (eds) Handbook of Ecomaterials. Springer, Cham.
  • Özdemir, E. ve Çaylı, G., 2022, “Bitkisel Yağlar Ve Endüstriyel Kullanım Alanları, Yenilenebilir Kaynaklardan”, Yenilenebilir Kaynaklardan Elde Edilen Malzemeler Ve Uygulamaları-I, Artikel Akademi Yayınevi, pp 45-74.
  • Castro, W., Weller, D. E., Cheenkachorn, K. And Perez, J. M. 2005. “The effect of chemical structure of basefluids on antiwear effectiveness of additives”, Tribology international, 38 (3), 321-326.
  • Khalid, N., Khan, R. S., Hussain, M. I., Farooq, M., Ahmad, A. ve Ahmed, I. 2017. “A comprehensive characterisation of safflower oil for its potential applications as a bioactive food ingredient-A review”, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 66, 176-186.
  • Ortega-García, J., Gámez-Meza, N., Noriega-Rodriguez, J. A., Dennis-Quiñonez, O., García-Galindo, H. S., Angulo-Guerrero, J. O. ve Medina-Juárez, L. A. 2006. “Refining of high oleic safflower oil: effect on the sterols and tocopherols content”, European Food Research and Technology, 223, 775-779.
  • Özçelik, A. E. 2011. “Determination of the effects of safflower biodiesel and its mixtures with diesel oil on lubricating oil in a single-cylinder diesel engine” Selçuk University Institute of Science and Technology Doctoral Thesis.
  • Khemchandani, B., Jaiswal, A., Sayanna, E. ve Forsyth, M. 2014. “Mixture of safflower oil and synthetic ester as a base stock for biodegradable lubricants”, Lubrication Science, 26 (2), 67-80.
  • Reeves, C. J., Menezes, P. L., Jen, T.-C. ve Lovell, M. R. 2015. “The influence of fatty acids on tribological and thermal properties of natural oils as sustainable biolubricants”, Tribology International, 90, 123-134.
  • Siniawski, M. T., Saniei, N., Adhikari, B. ve Doezema, L. A. 2007. “Influence of fatty acid composition on the tribological performance of two vegetable‐based lubricants”, Journal of synthetic lubrication, 24 (2), 101-110.
  • Rudnick, L. R., 2020, Synthetics, mineral oils, and bio-based lubricants: chemistry and technology, CRC press.
  • Durak, E. and Karaosmanoglu, F. 2004. “Using of cottonseed oil as an environmentally accepted lubricant additive”, Energy Sources, 26 (7), 611-625.
  • PetrolOfisi, 2022, https://www.petrolofisi.com.tr/agir-ticari-arac-motoryaglari/maximus-turbo-diesel-extra-15w-40: [29.07.2023].
  • Zulkifli, N. W. M., Kalam, M. A., Masjuki, H. H., Shahabuddin, M. ve Yunus, R., 2013, Wear prevention characteristics of a palm oil-based TMP (trimethylolpropane) ester as an engine lubricant, Energy, 54, 167-173.
  • Akyazı, H. 2015. Characterization of different mixtures of crude oil-derived paraffinic mineral base oils (SN-80, SN-100, SN-150, SN-350, SN-500), Hitit University Institute of Science and Technology.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Renewable Energy Resources
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Buse Sergek This is me 0000-0002-5773-4553

Abdullah Engin Özçelik 0000-0002-8646-0950

Project Number 23201003
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date September 22, 2023
Acceptance Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sergek, B., & Özçelik, A. E. (2023). Investigation of tribological analysis of safflower oil and 15W40 engine lubrication oil and their blends. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, 10(2), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.1364708
AMA Sergek B, Özçelik AE. Investigation of tribological analysis of safflower oil and 15W40 engine lubrication oil and their blends. IJEAT. December 2023;10(2):92-102. doi:10.31593/ijeat.1364708
Chicago Sergek, Buse, and Abdullah Engin Özçelik. “Investigation of Tribological Analysis of Safflower Oil and 15W40 Engine Lubrication Oil and Their Blends”. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies 10, no. 2 (December 2023): 92-102. https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.1364708.
EndNote Sergek B, Özçelik AE (December 1, 2023) Investigation of tribological analysis of safflower oil and 15W40 engine lubrication oil and their blends. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies 10 2 92–102.
IEEE B. Sergek and A. E. Özçelik, “Investigation of tribological analysis of safflower oil and 15W40 engine lubrication oil and their blends”, IJEAT, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 92–102, 2023, doi: 10.31593/ijeat.1364708.
ISNAD Sergek, Buse - Özçelik, Abdullah Engin. “Investigation of Tribological Analysis of Safflower Oil and 15W40 Engine Lubrication Oil and Their Blends”. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies 10/2 (December 2023), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.1364708.
JAMA Sergek B, Özçelik AE. Investigation of tribological analysis of safflower oil and 15W40 engine lubrication oil and their blends. IJEAT. 2023;10:92–102.
MLA Sergek, Buse and Abdullah Engin Özçelik. “Investigation of Tribological Analysis of Safflower Oil and 15W40 Engine Lubrication Oil and Their Blends”. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, vol. 10, no. 2, 2023, pp. 92-102, doi:10.31593/ijeat.1364708.
Vancouver Sergek B, Özçelik AE. Investigation of tribological analysis of safflower oil and 15W40 engine lubrication oil and their blends. IJEAT. 2023;10(2):92-102.
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