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Yükseköğretimin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Belirlenmesi: Eğitim Düzeyi Yüksek Ülkelerde Ampirik Bir Analiz

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 229 - 250, 25.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1039328

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı; kamunun yükseköğretim harcamalarının ve bütün yükseköğretim programlarına yapılan kayıt sayısının ekonomik büyümeye olan etkisini araştırmaktır. Araştırmanın veri seti, eğitim endeksine göre belirlenmiştir. Eğitim endeksi en iyi olduğu 20 ülkeden, verileri olan eksiksiz olan 16 ülke analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışma 1988-2018 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Bağımlı değişken olarak kişi başı Reel Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (RGSYH) alınmıştır. Bağımsız değişkenler ise kamunun yükseköğretim harcamalarının Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYH)’ye oranı ve bayan ve erkeklerin bütün yükseköğretim programlarına yaptığı kayıtların sayısıdır. Verilere; Dünya Bankası resmi sayfasından ulaşılmıştır. Durağan ve durağan olmayan değişkenlerin birlikte analiz edilmesine imkân verdiği için Panel-ARDL yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Panel ARDL sonucuna göre uzun vadede kamunun yükseköğretim harcamalarının %1’lik artışın, ekonomik büyümeyi %3,71 oranında pozitif etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Kısa dönemde ise kamunun yükseköğretim harcamalarının ilk farkının %1 artışı, ekonomik büyümeyi %0,05 oranında azaltmaktadır.

References

  • Agasisti, T., Egorov, A., Zinchenko, D. & Leshukov, O. (2021). Efficiency of Regional Higher Education Systems and Regional Economic Short-Run Growth: Empirical Evidence from Russia. Industry and Innovation, 28(4), 507-534.
  • Arnhold, N. & Bassett, R. M. (2021). Steering Tertiary Education: Toward Resilient Systems that Deliver for All. World Bank, Washington, DC. Bu rapora https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36328 sayfasından 14.12.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Balestra, P. & Nerlove, M. (1966). Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in the Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand for Natural Gas. Econometrica, 34(3), 585-612.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407–444.
  • Becker, S. G. (1992). Education, Labor Force Quality, and the Economy: The Adam Smith Address. Business Economics, 27(1), 7-12.
  • Benhabib, J. & Spiegel, M. (1994). The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development: Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34, 143–73.
  • Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Research, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Çokcanlı, M. & Akiş, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermayenin İllerin Ekonomik Kalkınma Düzeyine Etkisi: Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 250-268.
  • Dineri, E. & Gölpek, F. (2021). Türkiye’de Eğitim Sisteminde Okullaşmanın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 13(24) , 37-48.
  • Eustat (2021). Euskal Estatistika Erakundea- Instituto Vasco de Estadística. https://en.eustat.eus/document/datos/PI_metod/IDH_IDH_i.html sayfasından 08.12.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Grunfeld, Y. & Griliches, Z. (1960). Is Aggregation Necessarily Bad?. Review of Economics and Statistics, 42(1), 1-13.
  • Güriş, S. (2015). Panel Veri Modelleri. S. Güriş (Ed.), Stata ile Panel Veri Modelleri içinde (ss. 3-38). İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Hamdan, A., Sarea, A., Khamis, R. & Anasweh, M. (2020). A Causality Analysis of the Link between Higher Education and Economic Development. Empirical Evidence, 6(6), 2020, 1-6.
  • Hildreth, C. (1950). Combining Cross-Section Data and Time Series. Cowles Commission Discussion Paper, No. 347.
  • Hussaini, N. (2020). Economic Growth and Higher Education in South Asian. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(2), 118-125.
  • Korkmaz, S. & Kulunk, İ. (2016). Granger Causality Between Life Expectancy, Education and Economic Growth in OECD Countries. The Economic Research Guardian, 6 (1), 1-17.
  • Kotaskova, S.K., Prochazka, P., Smutka, L., Maitah, M., Kuzmenko, E., Kopecka, M., & Honig, V. (2018). The Implication of Education on Economic Growth: The Case of India. Acta Universitatis Agricultural et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 66(1), 253-262.
  • Kuh, E. (1959). The Validity of Cross-Sectionally estimated behaviour equations in Time Series Applications. Econometrica, 27, 197-214.
  • Kutluay Şahin, D. (2020). Eğitimin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2) , 657-672.
  • Kyriacou, G. (1991). Level and Growth Effects of Human Capital. Working Paper 91-26 (C.V. Starr Center, New York, NY).
  • Lucas, R. (1988). On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Mammadov, R. & Gümüş, E. (2020). Secondary Education, Economic Growth and Finance. Journal of Economic Sciences: Theory Practice, 77(1), 4–18.
  • Mamun, M. A., Sohog, K. & Akhter, A. (2013). A Dynamic Panel Analysis of CSR in Bangladeshi Banking Industry. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(5), 560-578.
  • Maneejuk, P. & Woraphon, Y. (2021). The Impact of Higher Education on Economic Growth in ASEAN-5 Countries. Sustainability, 13(2), 520.
  • Mankiw, N.G., D. Romer & D.N. Weil (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Mariana, D. R. (2015). Education as a Determinant of the Economic Growth: The Case of Romania. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197, 404 – 412.
  • OECD. (1998). Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, Human Capital Investment, an International Comparison, 1-113. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264162891-en.pdf?expires=1614114021&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AD00042AAC5E9FC9812B7C9AC562934C sayfasından 23.02.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Omodero, C. & Nwangwa, K. (2020). Higher Education and Economic Growth of Nigeria: Evidence from Co-integration and Granger Causality Examination. International Journal of Higher Education, 9 (3), 173-182.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Econometrics, 435, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (1995). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Cambridge Working Papers in Econometrics, 9514.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Rehme, G. (2006). Education, Economic Growth and Measured Income Inequality. Economica, 74, 493-514.
  • Schofer, E., Ramirez, F. O. & Meyer, J. W. (2020). The Societal Consequences of Higher Education. Sociology of Education, 1-19.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
  • Smith, A. (1976). The Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis IN: Liberty Press.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311-322.
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation, The Economic Record. The Economic Society of Australia, 32(2), 334-361.
  • Whiteley, P. (2012). Economic Performance and Higher Education: The Lessons for Britain. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 14(4), 672-688.
  • Yenisu, E. (2018). Türkiye’de Eğitim Düzeylerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi. Doğu Anadolu Sosyal Bilimlerde Eğilimler Dergisi, 2(1) , 27-44.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Yılancı, V. & Aydın, M. (2018). Türkiye’de Kadın Okullaşmasının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Rals-Eg Eşbütünleşme Testi Yaklaşımı. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, Prof. Dr. Harun TERZİ Special Issue, 101-112.
  • Zellner, A. (1962). An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias. Journal of American Statistical Association, 57, 348-368.

Determination of the Impact of the Tertiary Education on Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis in Countries with High Level of Education

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 229 - 250, 25.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1039328

Abstract

The aim of this study; is to investigate the effect of the government expenditures on tertiary education and of the total number of the enrolment in tertiary education in all programmes on the economic growth. The data set of the research is determined according to the education index. 16 countries with complete data from the 20 countries with the best education index were analyzed. This study covers the period 1990-2018. In the analysis, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita was taken as the dependent variable. The independent variables are the government expenditures on the tertiary education relation to GDP and the total number of the enrolment in tertiary education in all programmes. The datas were taken from the official page of the World Bank. Panel-ARDL method was used because it allows the analysis of stationary and non-stationary variables together. According to the result of the Panel ARDL; It has been determined that 1% increase in the public expenditures on tertiary education in the long run has a positive effect on economic growth by 3.71%. In the short run, 1% increase in the first difference of public expenditures on tertiary education reduces economic growth by 0.05%.

References

  • Agasisti, T., Egorov, A., Zinchenko, D. & Leshukov, O. (2021). Efficiency of Regional Higher Education Systems and Regional Economic Short-Run Growth: Empirical Evidence from Russia. Industry and Innovation, 28(4), 507-534.
  • Arnhold, N. & Bassett, R. M. (2021). Steering Tertiary Education: Toward Resilient Systems that Deliver for All. World Bank, Washington, DC. Bu rapora https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36328 sayfasından 14.12.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Balestra, P. & Nerlove, M. (1966). Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in the Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand for Natural Gas. Econometrica, 34(3), 585-612.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407–444.
  • Becker, S. G. (1992). Education, Labor Force Quality, and the Economy: The Adam Smith Address. Business Economics, 27(1), 7-12.
  • Benhabib, J. & Spiegel, M. (1994). The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development: Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34, 143–73.
  • Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Research, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Çokcanlı, M. & Akiş, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermayenin İllerin Ekonomik Kalkınma Düzeyine Etkisi: Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 250-268.
  • Dineri, E. & Gölpek, F. (2021). Türkiye’de Eğitim Sisteminde Okullaşmanın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 13(24) , 37-48.
  • Eustat (2021). Euskal Estatistika Erakundea- Instituto Vasco de Estadística. https://en.eustat.eus/document/datos/PI_metod/IDH_IDH_i.html sayfasından 08.12.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Grunfeld, Y. & Griliches, Z. (1960). Is Aggregation Necessarily Bad?. Review of Economics and Statistics, 42(1), 1-13.
  • Güriş, S. (2015). Panel Veri Modelleri. S. Güriş (Ed.), Stata ile Panel Veri Modelleri içinde (ss. 3-38). İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Hamdan, A., Sarea, A., Khamis, R. & Anasweh, M. (2020). A Causality Analysis of the Link between Higher Education and Economic Development. Empirical Evidence, 6(6), 2020, 1-6.
  • Hildreth, C. (1950). Combining Cross-Section Data and Time Series. Cowles Commission Discussion Paper, No. 347.
  • Hussaini, N. (2020). Economic Growth and Higher Education in South Asian. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(2), 118-125.
  • Korkmaz, S. & Kulunk, İ. (2016). Granger Causality Between Life Expectancy, Education and Economic Growth in OECD Countries. The Economic Research Guardian, 6 (1), 1-17.
  • Kotaskova, S.K., Prochazka, P., Smutka, L., Maitah, M., Kuzmenko, E., Kopecka, M., & Honig, V. (2018). The Implication of Education on Economic Growth: The Case of India. Acta Universitatis Agricultural et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 66(1), 253-262.
  • Kuh, E. (1959). The Validity of Cross-Sectionally estimated behaviour equations in Time Series Applications. Econometrica, 27, 197-214.
  • Kutluay Şahin, D. (2020). Eğitimin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2) , 657-672.
  • Kyriacou, G. (1991). Level and Growth Effects of Human Capital. Working Paper 91-26 (C.V. Starr Center, New York, NY).
  • Lucas, R. (1988). On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Mammadov, R. & Gümüş, E. (2020). Secondary Education, Economic Growth and Finance. Journal of Economic Sciences: Theory Practice, 77(1), 4–18.
  • Mamun, M. A., Sohog, K. & Akhter, A. (2013). A Dynamic Panel Analysis of CSR in Bangladeshi Banking Industry. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(5), 560-578.
  • Maneejuk, P. & Woraphon, Y. (2021). The Impact of Higher Education on Economic Growth in ASEAN-5 Countries. Sustainability, 13(2), 520.
  • Mankiw, N.G., D. Romer & D.N. Weil (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Mariana, D. R. (2015). Education as a Determinant of the Economic Growth: The Case of Romania. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197, 404 – 412.
  • OECD. (1998). Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, Human Capital Investment, an International Comparison, 1-113. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264162891-en.pdf?expires=1614114021&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AD00042AAC5E9FC9812B7C9AC562934C sayfasından 23.02.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Omodero, C. & Nwangwa, K. (2020). Higher Education and Economic Growth of Nigeria: Evidence from Co-integration and Granger Causality Examination. International Journal of Higher Education, 9 (3), 173-182.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Econometrics, 435, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (1995). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Cambridge Working Papers in Econometrics, 9514.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Rehme, G. (2006). Education, Economic Growth and Measured Income Inequality. Economica, 74, 493-514.
  • Schofer, E., Ramirez, F. O. & Meyer, J. W. (2020). The Societal Consequences of Higher Education. Sociology of Education, 1-19.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
  • Smith, A. (1976). The Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis IN: Liberty Press.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311-322.
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation, The Economic Record. The Economic Society of Australia, 32(2), 334-361.
  • Whiteley, P. (2012). Economic Performance and Higher Education: The Lessons for Britain. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 14(4), 672-688.
  • Yenisu, E. (2018). Türkiye’de Eğitim Düzeylerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi. Doğu Anadolu Sosyal Bilimlerde Eğilimler Dergisi, 2(1) , 27-44.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Yılancı, V. & Aydın, M. (2018). Türkiye’de Kadın Okullaşmasının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Rals-Eg Eşbütünleşme Testi Yaklaşımı. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, Prof. Dr. Harun TERZİ Special Issue, 101-112.
  • Zellner, A. (1962). An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias. Journal of American Statistical Association, 57, 348-368.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Semra Aydoğdu Bağcı 0000-0001-8078-5626

Publication Date January 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aydoğdu Bağcı, S. (2022). Yükseköğretimin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Belirlenmesi: Eğitim Düzeyi Yüksek Ülkelerde Ampirik Bir Analiz. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(1), 229-250. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1039328

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