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Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Refugee Entrepreneurs with Similarities and Differences: A Typology Proposal

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 1 - 31, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1125093

Abstract

Migration, caused by war, disaster, political and economic conditions, can turn into commercial entrepreneurship due to the necessity situation or taking advantage of opportunities. The contribution of the interaction with immigration to economic development and institutional incentives are important in creating an entrepreneurship ecosystem. It is seen that there are problems with identification in academic studies, incentive programs and legal legislation on the entrepreneurship of those who have left their homeland. Concepts such as immigrant, refugee, ethnic, diaspora entrepreneurship are used intertwined in academic literature. The aim of this study is to try to define the entrepreneurship of people who migrated from their homeland, by the definition of immigration of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, by considering the similarities and differences in terms of physical, institutional and social capital, by determining the reasons for migration and starting a business, and to create a typology. In order to contribute to the theory and policies to be developed, a nomological and discretization-based approach to the classification of entrepreneurship of immigrants has been adopted. This study will constitute a legitimate basis for the theory, practice and policies to be developed in terms of the entrepreneurial characteristics, conditions, interactions and legal status of the people who immigrated from their homeland.

References

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  • Betts, A., Bloom, L., Kaplan, J.D., ve Omata, N. (2014). Refugee economies: Rethinking popular assumptions. Oxford: University of Oxford, Refugee Studies Centre. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/refugee-economies-2014.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
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  • Bonacich, E. (1973). A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38(5), 583–594.
  • Brockhaus, R.H. (1980), Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 509-520.
  • Büyükhan, M. (2021). Uluslararası ve ulusal mevzuata göre Türkiye’deki Suriyelilerin hukuki statüsü. R&S - Research Studies Anatolia Journal, 4(2), 76-90. doi: 10.33723/rs.851412
  • Chaganti, R., ve Greene, P.G. (2002). Who are ethnic entrepreneurs? A study of entrepreneurs’ ethnic ınvolvement and business characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 20(2), 126-143.
  • Chaudhary, A.R. (2015). Racialized Incorporation: the effects of race and generational status on self-employment and industry-sector prestige in the United State. International Migration Reviews, 49(2), 318–354.
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  • Coopers, M., ve Lybrand, B. (1994). TAFE NSW: Training practices and preferences of small businesses in Australia: a report for vocational education and training providers. Sydney: Coopers & Lybrand Inc.
  • Davidson, P., ve Honing, B. (2003), The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs, Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 301-331.
  • Drucker, P.F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York: Harper & Row Publishers
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  • Evans, D., ve Jovanovic, B. (1989). An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints. The Journal of Political Economy, 97, 808-827.
  • Fong, R., Busch, N.B., Armour, M., Heffron, L.C, ve Chanmugam, A. (2007). Pathways to self-sufficiency: successful entrepreneurship for refugees. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 16(1-2), 127-159.
  • Fuller-Love, N., Lim, L., ve Akehurst, G. (2006). Guest editorial: female and ethnic minority entrepreneurship. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(4), 429-439.
  • Garg, K.A., ve Phayane, N. (2014). Impact of small businesses owned by immigrant entrepreneurs on the local community of Brits. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 2(2), 57–85.
  • Guerrero, M., ve Urbano, D. (2014). Academics’ start-up intentions and knowledge filters: an individual perspective of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Econonmics, 43(1), 57–74.
  • Halkias, D., Harkiolakis, N., Thurman, P., Rishi, M., Ekonomou, L., Caracatsanis, S., ve Akrivos, P. (2009). Economic and social characteristics of Albanian immigrant entrepreneurs in Greece. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 143–164.
  • Harima, A., Periac, F., Murphy, T. ve Picard, S. (2021). Entrepreneurial opportunities of refugees in Germany, France, and Ireland: multiple embeddedness framework. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17, 625-663.
  • Hisrich, R.D. (1990). Entrepreneurship/intrapreneurship. American Psychologist, 45(2), 209-222.
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  • Kachkar, O.A. (2019). Refugee entrepreneurship: Empirical quantitative evidence on microenterprises in refugee camps in Turkey. Journal of Immigrant ..& Refugee Studies, 17(3), 333-352.
  • Kerr, S.P., ve Kerr, W.R. (2016). Immigrant entrepreneurship. Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 17-011, July. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=51304 (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
  • Kloosterman, R., ve Rath, J. (2002). Working on the fringes: immigrant businesses, economic integration and informal practices. Marginalisering eller Integration Invandrares foeretagande I svensk retorik och praktik (ss. 177-88) içinde, Stockholm: NUTEK. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238105718_Working_on_the_fringes_immigrant_businesses_economic_integration_and_informal_practices (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mart 2022)
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Benzerlikleri ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 1 - 31, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1125093

Abstract

Savaş, afet, siyasi ve ekonomik koşulların neden olduğu göçmenlik, zorunluluk durumu veya fırsatların değerlendirilmesiyle ticari girişimciliğe dönüşebilmektedir. Göçmenlikle oluşan etkileşimin ekonomik kalkınmaya olan katkısı ve girişimcilik ekosistemi oluşturulmasında kurumsal teşvikler önemlidir. Anavatanından ayrılanların girişimciliklerine ilişkin yapılan akademik çalışmalarda, teşvik programlarında ve hukuki mevzuatta tanımlamayla ilgili sorunların olduğu görülmektedir. Göçmen, mülteci, etnik, diaspora girişimciliği gibi kavramlar akademik yazında birbirine geçmiş şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı anavatanından göçen insanların girişimciliğini Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteci Yüksek Komiserliğinin göçmenlik tanımı kapsamında fiziksel, kurumsal ve sosyal sermaye açısından benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını göç etme ve iş kurma nedenleri çerçevesinde tanımlamaya çalışmak ve bir tipoloji oluşturmaktır. Geliştirilecek teori ve politikalara yardımcı olmak için göçen insanların girişimciliğinin sınıflandırılmasına yönelik nomolojik ve ayrıştırmaya dayalı bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Bu çalışma, anavatanından göç eden kişilerin girişimcilik özellikleri, koşulları, etkileşimleri, hukuki durumları açısından geliştirilecek teori, uygulama ve politikalara meşru bir zemin teşkil edecektir.

References

  • Acs, Z. (2006). How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth. Innovations, 1(1), 97-107.
  • Adriana, G. (2016). Educational barriers for disadvantaged groups in entrepreneurship. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, 791-799.
  • Aldrich, H.E., ve Zimmer. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In D. Sexton and R. Smulor (ed.), The art and science of entrepreneurship (pp. 3-23), Newyork: Ballinger.
  • Aldrich, H.E. (1999). Organisations evolving. International Edition: Sage Publications.
  • Alvarez, S., ve Busenitz, L. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource based theory. Journal of Management, 27, 755-775.
  • Asoba, S.N., ve Mefi, N.P. (2020). Theories of immigrant entrepreneurship in the South African context. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 26(3), 1-13.
  • Baltacı, A. (2017). A comparison of Syrian migrant students in Turkey and Germany: entrepreneurial tendencies and career expectations. European Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 15-27.
  • Baranik, L.E., Hurst, C.S., ve Eby, L.T.(2018). The stigma of being a refugee: A mixed-method study of refugees’ experiences of vocational stress. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 105, 116-130. Basu, A., ve Altinay, E. (2002). The interaction between culture and entrepreneurship in London's immigrant businesses. International Small Business Journal, 20(4), 371-393.
  • Becker, G.S. (1975). Human capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Bernard, W.S. (1976). Immigrants and refugees: Their similarities, differences, and needs. International Migration, 14(4), 267-280.
  • Betts, A., Bloom, L., Kaplan, J.D., ve Omata, N. (2014). Refugee economies: Rethinking popular assumptions. Oxford: University of Oxford, Refugee Studies Centre. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/refugee-economies-2014.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
  • Bizri, R.M. (2017). Refugee-entrepreneurship: A social capital perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(9-10), 847-868.
  • Bonacich, E. (1973). A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38(5), 583–594.
  • Brockhaus, R.H. (1980), Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 509-520.
  • Büyükhan, M. (2021). Uluslararası ve ulusal mevzuata göre Türkiye’deki Suriyelilerin hukuki statüsü. R&S - Research Studies Anatolia Journal, 4(2), 76-90. doi: 10.33723/rs.851412
  • Chaganti, R., ve Greene, P.G. (2002). Who are ethnic entrepreneurs? A study of entrepreneurs’ ethnic ınvolvement and business characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 20(2), 126-143.
  • Chaudhary, A.R. (2015). Racialized Incorporation: the effects of race and generational status on self-employment and industry-sector prestige in the United State. International Migration Reviews, 49(2), 318–354.
  • Christensen, L.J., Newman, A.B., Herrick, H., ve Godfrey, P. (2020). Separate but not equal: toward a nomological net for migrants and migrant entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Policy, 3, 1-22.
  • Coopers, M., ve Lybrand, B. (1994). TAFE NSW: Training practices and preferences of small businesses in Australia: a report for vocational education and training providers. Sydney: Coopers & Lybrand Inc.
  • Davidson, P., ve Honing, B. (2003), The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs, Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 301-331.
  • Drucker, P.F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York: Harper & Row Publishers
  • Edwards, A. (2015). UNHCR viewpoint: ‘refugee’ or ‘migrant’. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-viewpoint-refugee-migrant-right.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
  • Eggenhofer-Rehart, P.M., Latzke, M., Pernkopf, K., Zellhofer, D., Mayrhofer, W., ve Steyrer, J. (2018). Refugees’ career capital welcome? Afghan and Syrian refugee job seekers in Austria. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 105, 31-45.
  • Eimermann, M. ve Karlsonn, S. (2018). Globalising Swedish countrysides? A relational approach to rural imigrant restaurateurs with refugee backgrounds. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography, 72(2), 82-96.
  • Eisenhauer, J.G. (1995). The entrepreneurial decision: economic theory and empirical evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice. 19(4), 67-79.
  • Elo, M. (2014). Diaspora networks in international business and transnational entrepreneurship – a literature review. Center for Transnational Studies (ZenTra), the Universities of Bremen and Oldenburg. November, No. 40. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2518428 (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
  • Evans, D., ve Jovanovic, B. (1989). An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints. The Journal of Political Economy, 97, 808-827.
  • Fong, R., Busch, N.B., Armour, M., Heffron, L.C, ve Chanmugam, A. (2007). Pathways to self-sufficiency: successful entrepreneurship for refugees. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 16(1-2), 127-159.
  • Fuller-Love, N., Lim, L., ve Akehurst, G. (2006). Guest editorial: female and ethnic minority entrepreneurship. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(4), 429-439.
  • Garg, K.A., ve Phayane, N. (2014). Impact of small businesses owned by immigrant entrepreneurs on the local community of Brits. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 2(2), 57–85.
  • Guerrero, M., ve Urbano, D. (2014). Academics’ start-up intentions and knowledge filters: an individual perspective of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Econonmics, 43(1), 57–74.
  • Halkias, D., Harkiolakis, N., Thurman, P., Rishi, M., Ekonomou, L., Caracatsanis, S., ve Akrivos, P. (2009). Economic and social characteristics of Albanian immigrant entrepreneurs in Greece. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 143–164.
  • Harima, A., Periac, F., Murphy, T. ve Picard, S. (2021). Entrepreneurial opportunities of refugees in Germany, France, and Ireland: multiple embeddedness framework. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17, 625-663.
  • Hisrich, R.D. (1990). Entrepreneurship/intrapreneurship. American Psychologist, 45(2), 209-222.
  • IOM [International Organization of Migration] (2015). World migration report 2015. https://www.iom.int/worldmigration-report-2015 (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
  • IRC [International Rescue Committee] (2019). Migrants, exiles, refugees and immigrants: What’s the difference? https://www.rescue.org/article/migrants-asylum-seekers-refugeesand-immigrants-whats-difference. (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
  • Kachkar, O.A. (2019). Refugee entrepreneurship: Empirical quantitative evidence on microenterprises in refugee camps in Turkey. Journal of Immigrant ..& Refugee Studies, 17(3), 333-352.
  • Kerr, S.P., ve Kerr, W.R. (2016). Immigrant entrepreneurship. Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 17-011, July. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=51304 (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
  • Kloosterman, R., ve Rath, J. (2002). Working on the fringes: immigrant businesses, economic integration and informal practices. Marginalisering eller Integration Invandrares foeretagande I svensk retorik och praktik (ss. 177-88) içinde, Stockholm: NUTEK. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238105718_Working_on_the_fringes_immigrant_businesses_economic_integration_and_informal_practices (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mart 2022)
  • Kloosterman, R., van der Leun, J., ve Rath, J. (1999). Mixed embeddedness: (in) formal economic activities and immigrant businesses in the Netherlands. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(2), 252-266.
  • Koltai, S.R. (2016). Refugees need jobs. Entrepreneurship can help. Harward Business Review. https://hbr. org/2016/12/refugees-need-jobs-entrepreneurship-canhelp (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mart 2022)
  • Lee, E. (1966). “A Theory of Migration”. Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1966), s. 47-57 Published by: Springer on behalf of the Population Association of America, http://www.jstor.org/ stable/2060063, Erişim tarihi: 13.05.2018.
  • Marchand, K, ve Siegel, M. (2015). World Immigration Report 2015: Immigrant entrepreneurship in cities. Background paper. Geneva: International Migration for Migration. https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl486/files/our_work/ICP/MPR/WMR-2015-Background-Paper-KMarchand-MSiegel.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
  • Mitchell, R.K., Smith, J.B., Morse, E.A., Seawright, K.W., Peredo, A., ve McKenzie, B. (2002a) Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? assessing entrepreneurial cognitions across cultures. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 26(4), 9-32.
  • North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, ınstitutional change, and economic performance. New York: Norton Pehlivan, U. ve Karaatlı, B. (2020). Kavramsal, kuramsal ve hukuki bağlamda mülteci girişimciliği: Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mülteci girişimciliğinin analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 15-41.
  • Ratten, V. (2020a). Diversity in entrpreneurship. V. Ratten ve L.-P. Dana (Eds.), Diversity and Entrpreneurship (ss. 1-8) içinde, Newyork: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429293085 (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022)
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özden Akın 0000-0002-8459-9334

Metin Reyhanoglu 0000-0003-1769-1867

Early Pub Date December 26, 2022
Publication Date December 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Akın, Ö., & Reyhanoglu, M. (2022). Benzerlikleri ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1125093
AMA Akın Ö, Reyhanoglu M. Benzerlikleri ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. December 2022;12(3):1-31. doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1125093
Chicago Akın, Özden, and Metin Reyhanoglu. “Benzerlikleri Ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler Ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12, no. 3 (December 2022): 1-31. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1125093.
EndNote Akın Ö, Reyhanoglu M (December 1, 2022) Benzerlikleri ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12 3 1–31.
IEEE Ö. Akın and M. Reyhanoglu, “Benzerlikleri ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1–31, 2022, doi: 10.18074/ckuiibfd.1125093.
ISNAD Akın, Özden - Reyhanoglu, Metin. “Benzerlikleri Ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler Ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12/3 (December 2022), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1125093.
JAMA Akın Ö, Reyhanoglu M. Benzerlikleri ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;12:1–31.
MLA Akın, Özden and Metin Reyhanoglu. “Benzerlikleri Ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler Ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 1-31, doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1125093.
Vancouver Akın Ö, Reyhanoglu M. Benzerlikleri ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;12(3):1-31.